汉宫词
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唐代]:李商隐
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青雀西飞竟未回,君王长在集灵台。
侍臣最有相如渴,不赐金茎露一杯。
汉宫词译文及注释
译文
王母的信使青鸟啊,你飞去西方竟然还没回来,只累得求仙的君王,依然长久地守候在集灵台。
唉,有一位文学侍臣,最是有司马相如的消渴病,君王啊,你怎不赐予他那金茎上的仙露一杯?
注释
青雀:指青鸟,即《山海经》中提到的西王母所使之神鸟。
君王:明指汉武帝,暗喻唐武宗。集灵台:汉时台名。
侍臣:侍奉帝王的廷臣。相如渴:相如即司马相如。司马相如患有消渴疾。
金茎露:承露盘中的露,是汉武帝在建章宫神明台所立的金铜仙人承露盘接贮的“云表之露”。传说将此露和玉屑服之,可得仙道。
参考资料:
1、何国治 等.唐诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1983:1182-1183
2、陈永正.李商隐诗选译.成都:巴蜀书社,1991:83-84
汉宫词创作背景
《汉宫词》当作于唐武宗会昌五年(845年)之后不久。唐武宗力辟佛教,却笃信神仙之说,他于会昌五年,“筑望仙台于南郊”,还服食长生药,“饵方士金丹,性加躁急,喜怒不常”。李商隐此诗即为讽喻唐武宗求仙访道之举而作。
参考资料:
1、何国治 等.唐诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1983:1182-1183
汉宫词鉴赏
在这首咏史诗中,诗人展开想象的翅膀,巧妙地将神话传说和历史故事编织在一起,虚构出一种充满浪漫色彩的艺术形象。
一、二句青雀,即《山海经》中的青鸟,诗中借喻为替西王母与汉武帝之间传递音讯的使者。青鸟,这任重致远的使者,向西方极乐世界飞去,却竟然一去未回,杳无踪迹。然而,异想升天的汉武帝依然长久地守候在集灵台,等待佳音。起句中的“竟”字精警地表达出汉武帝迷信神仙的痴呆心理:一心以为青雀西飞定会带来仙界好音,谁知一去“竟然”未回,这实在出乎他意料之外。诗人著一“竟”字,极其传神地透露了他这种执迷不悟的心理状态。接着于“长在集灵台”句中和盘托出他的求仙活动,开首两句诗,揭露了武帝迷恋神仙的痴心妄想,寓揶揄嘲弄于轻描淡写中,显得委婉有致,极富幽默感。
三、四句诗人进一步刻画汉武一心求仙而无意求贤的思想行径,文学侍臣司马相如有消渴病(今称糖尿病),因此水对于这种病人之重要,简直可以说是“救命之水”。但是,汉武只祈求自己长生而全不顾惜人才的死活,就是一杯止渴救命的露水也不肯赐给相如。结尾两句诗人拈出一个表示极大量的副词“最”与一个极小量的数词“一”作对比,前后呼应,便十分准确地揭露出这个君王好神仙甚于爱人才的偏执灵魂。讽刺辛辣而尖锐。诗里的数词已不仅表示量,而且还揭示质,蕴含深刻的思想意义。
《汉宫词》虽然咏汉代事,但和唐代的现实生活密切相连。如果说,这首诗在讽刺汉武帝的迷信与昏庸这方面,写得比较明显而尖锐,那么,在讽喻唐武宗的问题上,便显得含蓄深隐,曲折而婉转。李商隐常以司马相如自况,如:“嗟余久抱临邛渴,便欲因君问钓矶”、“休问梁园旧宾客,茂陵秋雨病相如”、“相如未是真消渴,犹放沱江过锦城”等等。这首诗也是有感于自己的身世,不满唐武宗贬视人才。诗人用典精巧贴切,灵活自然,委婉地表达不便明言又不得不言的内容来,让辛辣的讽嘲披上一幅神话、历史与现实巧妙织成的面纱,显得情味隽永而富有迷人的艺术感染力。
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李商隐《
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雨》
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刘禹锡《
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酬乐天七月一日夜即事见寄》
李商隐简介
唐代·李商隐的简介
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李商隐,字义山,号玉溪(谿)生、樊南生,唐代著名诗人,祖籍河内(今河南省焦作市)沁阳,出生于郑州荥阳。他擅长诗歌写作,骈文文学价值也很高,是晚唐最出色的诗人之一,和杜牧合称“小李杜”,与温庭筠合称为“温李”,因诗文与同时期的段成式、温庭筠风格相近,且三人都在家族里排行第十六,故并称为“三十六体”。其诗构思新奇,风格秾丽,尤其是一些爱情诗和无题诗写得缠绵悱恻,优美动人,广为传诵。但部分诗歌过于隐晦迷离,难于索解,至有“诗家总爱西昆好,独恨无人作郑笺”之说。因处于牛李党争的夹缝之中,一生很不得志。死后葬于家乡沁阳(今河南焦作市沁阳与博爱县交界之处)。作品收录为《李义山诗集》。
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