晓窗
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清代]:魏源
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少闻鸡声眠,老听鸡声起。
千古万代人,消磨数声里。
晓窗译文及注释
译文
少年贪玩,半夜鸡叫才睡,老年惜时,凌晨闻鸡即起。
遥想千秋万代贤士、庸人,一生都在鸡的鸣声中磨去。
注释
晓:破晓,天将亮时。
少:少年。
闻:听。
鸡声:指晚上鸡鸣的声音。
眠:睡。
老听鸡声起:用“闻鸡起舞”之典。老:老年。
千古:长远的年代。
消磨:意志与精力逐渐消失,或度过岁月。
晓窗创作背景
此诗的具体创作时间不详。某天拂晓时,窗前的鸡鸣声让诗人联想不断、感慨万分,诗人于是创作此诗,借以抒发其对年华流逝的感慨。
参考资料:
1、张秉成,萧哲庵 主编.清诗鉴赏辞典.重庆:重庆出版社,1992年12月第1版:951-952
晓窗鉴赏
此诗前二句选取“少”、“老”两种人对待鸡啼声的不同表现,以“少闻”而“眠”与“老听”而“起”作对照,形象地概括了当时不同人的处世态度:年轻人听到鸡鸣声才上床入睡,老年人听到鸡啼声已起身了。这里,诗人以“少”和“老”的大跨度时间以及“闻鸡声眠”和“听鸡声起”两种对时间截然不同的态度,形成强烈的反差,使读者印象鲜明地感到时间的宝贵和充分认识时间之价值的重要性。其中,后一句暗用“闻鸡起舞”之典,写奋发向上之心,与前句作对照。后二句笔锋一转,由横而纵,由对个人的微观审视而引申到对社会、历史的宏观思考,拓宽了诗的思想视野,同时向读者展示了一部人类的历史:在千古万代的历史长河中,人们就在这送往迎来的鸡啼声中消磨了他们的岁月。其中,“消磨”二字颇耐深思:虚度固然是消磨,奋发也是一种“消磨”,人生苦短,鸡声无多,该如何“消磨”这“数声”,是诗人向读者提出的一个值得深思的问题。诗人虽然没有就此问题作出回答,但从前二句的鲜明对比中,诗人通过“寄情于言外”暗暗地透出了答案:时光如驶,人生世上,自当抓住分阴,于一番有利于国、造福于民的大事业。从字面上看,这是诗人就岁月的流逝发出的感慨,其中似乎饱含着诗人深深的哀怨,能引发读者无限的联想,于平易中见奇崛,言有尽而意无穷,使不同的人读后产生不同的感受,或催人猛省,或激人上进。
全诗举重若轻,寓庄于谐,以小见大,虽然篇幅短小,文字亦浅近,但内容含量却很广,仅用二十个字,用日常生活中“闻鸡声”引起的一种微妙的感受,深刻地阐明了“时不我待”、“稍纵即逝”的道理,使人受益匪浅,可谓言近旨远,富有哲理,予人启迪。
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司空图《
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诗品二十四则·沈著》
魏源简介
唐代·魏源的简介
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魏源(1794~1857年),清代启蒙思想家、政治家、文学家,近代中国“睁眼看世界”的先行者之一。名远达,字默深,又字墨生、汉士,号良图,汉族,湖南邵阳隆回人,道光二年举人,二十五年始成进士,官高邮知州,晚年弃官归隐,潜心佛学,法名承贯。魏源认为论学应以“经世致用”为宗旨,提出“变古愈尽,便民愈甚”的变法主张,倡导学习西方先进科学技术,总结出“师夷之长技以制夷”的新思想。
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