谒金门·示知命弟
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宋代]:黄庭坚
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山又水,行尽吴头楚尾。兄弟灯前家万里,相看如梦寐。
君似成蹊桃李,入我草堂松桂。莫厌岁寒无气味,余生今已矣。
谒金门·示知命弟译文及注释
译文
越过一座座山,穿过一条条河,走遍这古代吴国和楚国交界的地方,兄弟俩默默地对坐在灯前,想到万里之远的家乡,互相对望着犹如在梦中一样。
你本来才华出众,名实相符,犹如桃李芬芳吸引众人来观赏,而今却服随我忍受寂寞与荒凉。不要怕寒冬来临,没有了芳香,我的生命历程已快走完,即将自由解放。
注释
谒金门:词牌名,双调四十五字,上下片各四仄韵。
知命:名叔达,知命为其字,黄庭坚弟。
山又水:万水千山,指路程艰远。
吴头楚尾:指如今的江西省北部,因为其地在春秋时为吴、楚两国交界处,故称“吴头楚尾”。
梦寐:用杜甫《羌村》诗意:“夜阑更秉烛,相对如梦寐。”杜诗本指夫妻团聚,此借指兄弟团聚。
成蹊桃李:谓实至名归,无须凭借官职地位而得到人们的尊重。
草堂松桂:代指隐居。用孔稚珪《北山移文》“中山之英,草堂之灵”及“诱我松桂,欺我云壑”之字面,借指自己所居之地环境荒寂。
岁寒:一年的严寒时节。无气味:大乘佛教。
参考资料:
1、吴熊和.唐宋词精华 上:太白文艺出版社,2001:603
2、马奇中.唐诗·宋词·元曲三百首:四川大学出版社,2000:478
3、刘尊明.新编千家词三百首:江苏古籍出版社,1995:234-235
4、蒋方 编选.黄庭坚集.南京:凤凰出版社,2014:232-234
谒金门·示知命弟创作背景
这首词作于宋哲宗绍圣三年(1096),当时的黄庭坚身在贬所黔州(治今四川彭水)。一说此诗作于宋哲宗元符二年(1099),当时黄庭坚在戎州(治今四川宜宾)。
参考资料:
1、吴熊和.唐宋词汇评(两宋卷)一:浙江教育出版社,2004:610-611
2、唐圭璋.唐宋词鉴赏辞典:上海辞书出版社,1988:783-784
3、丁敏翔.宋词鉴赏大全集:中国华侨出版社,2010:85
谒金门·示知命弟鉴赏
全词以兄弟相见为脉络,充满对知命的赞扬,同时也感伤叹喟,表现了兄弟情深。
上片叙述知命不远万里前来贬所看望词人,兄弟秉烛相对,恍若梦寐,流露出抑制不住的惊喜之情。“山又水,行尽吴头楚尾。”这两句是说,你携着我的妻儿一路跋山涉水,穿越那古代吴、楚两国的边界,千里迢迢来看我,真是不容易啊。开首两句极言路途之坎坷遥远,对弟弟不因自己遭贬而稍移兄弟之情,不远万里前来看望自己流露出深深的感激之情。“吴头楚尾”的说法含蓄别致,足见词人在遣词造句上的讲究。“兄弟灯前家万里,相看如梦寐。”兄弟二人别后在离家万里的黔州重逢,且在作者遭贬之际,当两人秉烛相对时,真像在梦中一样。此情此景,真不是是两人所曾预料到的。这两句流露出词人对兄弟重逢的惊喜之情。“他乡遇故知”本是人生一大喜事,更不必说是手足情深了。而且此时的词人无故遭贬,思想极度苦闷孤独,所以当看到兄弟妻儿出现在自己眼前时,竟有些不敢相信自己的眼睛。
下片触景生情,向兄弟敞开心扉,对未来的生活表现出悲观失望的情绪。“君似成蹊桃李,入我草堂松桂。”成蹊桃李,这里借用来称赞其弟黄叔达。两句是说:如今的你品行高洁、才华出众,如同那虽不夸耀自己却艳丽芬芳的桃李一样,备受时人赏识和推重;哪像我,仿佛那幽居深山草堂的松桂。词人以“松桂”自喻,表现了其遭远谪的处境,而且因“松”为“岁寒三友”之一,“桂”花虽不艳,其香却馥郁,它们都有君子才美不外现之品,以之喻己,于萧瑟中亦含少许自许和不平。“莫厌岁寒无气味,余生今已矣。”如今的两人,处境和精神面貌都迥然不同,一个春风得意,一个心如槁灰;一个如阳春的桃李,一个如寒冬的松桂。作者希望弟弟不要嫌自己心灰意懒,情绪低落,因为他对将来的前途已不抱什么希望了。词人在莫名其妙地以“诬毁”先朝之罪被贬谪黔州后,自言“身如槁木,心如死灰”,号其所居为“槁木寮”、“死灰庵”,可见其心境之消沉落寞。如今面对自己的亲兄弟,满腹悲愤和辛酸涌上了心头,故能敞开心扉,流露出深深的悲观情绪。
这首词语短情深,生动地展现了两位患难与共的同胞兄弟的深挚情意,其中蕴涵着深深的人生沧桑之感,读来颇能引发共鸣。作者运用其作诗的遒劲笔法,放笔直抒天伦情谊,质朴浑厚,为宋词中之少见。
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公子行》
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王安石《
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示长安君》
黄庭坚简介
唐代·黄庭坚的简介
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黄庭坚(1045.8.9-1105.5.24),字鲁直,号山谷道人,晚号涪翁,洪州分宁(今江西省九江市修水县)人,北宋著名文学家、书法家,为盛极一时的江西诗派开山之祖,与杜甫、陈师道和陈与义素有“一祖三宗”(黄庭坚为其中一宗)之称。与张耒、晁补之、秦观都游学于苏轼门下,合称为“苏门四学士”。生前与苏轼齐名,世称“苏黄”。著有《山谷词》,且黄庭坚书法亦能独树一格,为“宋四家”之一。
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皇甫汸
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西风吹雪满柴闾,坐对寒云意泊如。自笑曾为穿履客,长安愁说待公车。