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《笑歌行》原文及意思全解_李白作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/www.zenzhu.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext10.php</b> on line <b>26</b><br /> 怎祝网
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笑歌行

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唐代
]:李白


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笑矣乎,笑矣乎。

君不见曲如钩,古人知尔封公侯。

君不见直如弦,古人知尔死道边。

张仪所以只掉三寸舌,苏秦所以不垦二顷田。

笑矣乎,笑矣乎。

君不见沧浪老人歌一曲,还道沧浪濯吾足。

平生不解谋此身,虚作离骚遣人读。

笑矣乎,笑矣乎。

赵有豫让楚屈平,卖身买得千年名。

巢由洗耳有何益,夷齐饿死终无成。

君爱身后名,我爱眼前酒。

饮酒眼前乐,虚名何处有。

男儿穷通当有时,曲腰向君君不知。

猛虎不看几上肉,洪炉不铸囊中锥。

笑矣乎,笑矣乎。

宁武子,朱买臣,扣角行歌背负薪。

今日逢君君不识,岂得不如佯狂人。

笑歌行译文及注释

译文

真可笑呀,真可笑,君不见曲如钩吗,古人知此可以封公侯;

君不见直如弦吗,古人知此可要死道边。

张仪之所以愿鼓三寸不烂之舌,苏秦之所以不愿种洛阳负郭二顷田,皆是此由之故也。

真可笑呀,真可笑,君不见沧浪老人唱一曲吗,“沧浪之水浊兮,可以濯吾足!”

可怜的屈大夫,连自己保身都无术,却虚作《离骚》教人读。

真可笑呀,真可笑,赵国有个豫让,楚国有个屈平,卖身却只买得千载虚名。

许由洗耳又有什么用?伯夷和叔齐饿死也至无所成。

君爱身后之名,我爱眼前之酒。

饮酒眼前即能享乐,虚名身后又在何处?

男儿穷通当有时,今日之不遇,并非将来也没有时机。

如今我曲腰向君,君却不明白这个道理。

猛虎向来不食案上之死肉,洪炉也不铸囊中锥一类的小玩意儿。

真可笑呀,真可笑,宁武子和朱买臣,当年也是叩着牛角唱歌,背着柴薪诵书。

这些一时遭困顿的贤土若今日逢君,君却看不出来,岂不令人佯狂而傲世哉!

注释

曲如钩:《后汉书》志第一三《五行志一》引京都童谣:“直如弦,死道边;曲如钩,反封侯。”

“张仪”句:张仪,战国时纵横家,魏国人。游说入秦,首创连横,先后任秦相、魏相。《史记·张仪列传》:张仪通楚,“掠笞数百,不服,释之。其妻曰:‘嘻!子毋读书游说,安得此辱乎?’张仪谓其妻曰:‘观吾舌尚在不?’其妻笑曰:‘舌在也。’仪曰:‘足矣。’”《汉书·蒯通传》:“郦生一士,伏轼掉三寸舌,下齐七十余城。”颜师古注:“掉,摇也。”⑶“苏秦”句:苏秦,战国时纵横家,洛阳人。倡六国合纵抗秦。《史记·苏秦列传》:“苏秦喟然叹曰:‘此一人之身,富贵则亲戚畏惧之,贫贱则轻易之,况众人乎?且使我有洛阳负郭田二顷,吾岂能佩六国相印乎?”二顷田,全唐诗本作一顷田。误。

“沧浪”二句:《楚辞·渔父》:“渔夫莞尔而笑,鼓枻而去,乃歌曰:‘沧浪之水清兮,可以濯吾缨。沧浪之水浊兮,可以濯吾足。’”

“虚作”句:指屈原。

“赵有”句:豫让,春秋战国间人。始事范中行氏而不悦,去而投知伯。知伯宠之。及三晋分知氏,赵襄子最怨知伯,而将其头为饮器。豫遁逃,变姓名为刑人,入宫欲刺襄子未果。豫让又漆身为厉,灭须去眉,自刑变容,又吞炭哑音,一再谋刺襄子,均不果。后被兵包围,请求襄子衣而击之,呼曰:“而可以报知伯矣!”遂伏剑而死。事见《战国策·赵策一》。屈平,即屈原。事见《史记·屈原贾生列传》。

洗耳:皇甫谧《高士传》卷上《许由》:“尧又召为九州长,由不欲闻之,洗耳于颖水滨。时其友巢父牵犊欲饮之,见由洗耳,问其故,对曰:‘尧欲召我为九州长,恶闻其声,是故洗耳。’”

夷齐:伯夷、叔齐二人。《史记·伯夷列传》:“武王已平殷乱,天下宗周,而伯夷、叔齐耻之,义不食周粟。隐于首阳山,采薇而食之。……遂饿死于首阳山。”

“猛虎”句:猛虎,含有苛政之意。看,观察,注意。机上肉,机同几,全唐诗本作几上肉。指案板上的肉。比喻任人宰割者。《新唐书》卷一二○《桓言范传》:“会日暮事遽,言范不欲广杀,因曰:‘(武)三思机上肉尔,留为天子藉手。’”

“洪炉”句:洪炉,指天地。《庄子·大宗师》:“今一以天地为大炉,造化为大冶。”《抱朴子·勗学》:“鼓九阳之洪炉,运大钧乎皇极。”引申为陶冶锤炼人才的环境,薛逢《送西川杜司空赴镇》诗:“莫遣洪炉旷真宰,九流人物待陶甄。”铸,熔炼金属以成器。囊中锥,比喻有才能而未展露的人。《史记·平原君列传》:“平原君曰:‘夫贤士之处世也,譬若锥之处囊中,其末立见。……’毛遂曰:‘臣乃今日请处囊中耳。使遂蚤得处囊中,乃颖脱而出,非特其末见也。’”周昙《咏史诗·毛遂》:“不识囊中颖脱锥,功成方信有英奇。”此句意谓熔炼人才的洪炉,不铸就像囊中之锥这样有才能而未展露的人。也即设有使人才脱颖而出的环境。

宁武子:王本注云:“岂武子是戚之字耶。”《吕氏春秋·举难篇》:“宁戚欲干齐桓公,穷困无以自进。于是为商旅将任车以至齐,暮宿于郭门之外。桓公郊迎客,夜开门辟任车,……宁戚饭牛居车下,望桓公而悲,击牛角疾歌。桓公闻之,抚其仆之手曰:‘异哉,之歌者非常人也。’命后车载之。”叩角,指击牛角。朱买臣:汉武帝时人,官至会稽太守。《汉书·朱买臣传》:“朱买臣,字翁子,吴人也。家贫,好读书,不治产业。常艾薪樵,卖以给食,担束薪行且诵书。其妻亦负载相随,数止买臣毋歌讴道中。买臣愈益疾歌,妻羞之,求去。买臣笑曰:‘我年五十当富贵,今已四十余矣。汝苦日久,待我富贵报汝功。’妻恚怒曰:‘如公等,终饿死沟中耳,何能富贵?’买臣不能留,即听去。其后买臣独行歌道中,负薪墓间。”背负薪,《乐府诗集》作皆负薪。

佯狂,《史记·殷本纪》:“箕子惧,乃佯狂为奴。”佯狂即装疯。

参考资料:

1、詹福瑞 等 .李白诗全译.石家庄:河北人民出版社,1997:253-255

笑歌行创作背景

  至德二载(757),李白五十七岁。正月,永王军次寻阳,李白下山人幕。作《永王东巡歌十一首》言志抒怀,旨在思抒奇计以济时艰。二月,皇室内讧,兄弟交兵。永王兵败丹阳,李白于乱军中仓皇逃亡,旋陷寻阳狱中。有鸣冤求援之作多首。

参考资料:

1、安旗.李白诗秘要:三秦出版社,2001年06月第1版:前言第9页

2、葛景春著.李白思想艺术探骊:中州古籍出版社,1991年02月第1版:328-331

笑歌行鉴赏

  此诗可分为四段。每段都是以“笑矣乎”开头。第一段,诗人化用汉代童谣。“直如弦,死道边;曲如钩,反封侯”来讽刺是非错位、黑自颠倒的丑恶社会现实。接着举了战国时张仪、苏秦的例子来说明“直如弦,死道边”、“曲如钩,反封侯”的现象。张仪和苏秦是战国时有名的纵横家。他们凭着三寸不烂之舌,权诈之术,取得了人主的信任。张仪曾作过秦国的丞相,而苏秦却能佩六国相印,成了纵约长。他们都凭着“曲如钩”的本领,成了显赫一时的权贵。如果他抱诚守直,老老实实在家种地的话,说不定他们早就饿死在道边了。李白的这些诗句,借古讽今,旨在揭露当时国君昏聩,才使得象张仪、苏秦那样朝秦暮楚、反复无常的小人,一个个受宠得势,而象自己守直不阿的人,却只能作阶下囚了。

  由于李白自己将社会看透了,认为不值得为统治者卖命卖力,思想反转为出世。第二段就写出了这种思想的转变。“君不见”四句,借用《楚辞·渔父》的典故,先写那位“避世隐身”、“欣然自乐”的渔父,后写抱直守忠的屈原。屈原被楚王放逐,行吟泽畔,遇到了隐者渔父。渔父劝他和光同尘,与世推移,而屈原要坚守正义,正道直行,不愿“以身之察察,受物之汶汶”,宁赴湘流,葬身子鱼腹之中,也不愿“以皓皓之自,而蒙世之尘埃。”渔父听完后:“荛尔而笑,鼓枻而去,歌曰:‘沧浪之水清兮,可以濯吾缨;沧浪之水浊兮,可以濯君足’。遂去,不复言。”李白在这里以调侃的口气,表面上是奚落屈原“平生不解谋此身,虚作《离骚》遣人读”,其实骨子里是对现实社会的冷嘲热讽。在“曲如钩”的社会里,正直如屈原的人,是没有立足之地的。还不如学沧浪老人,“避世隐身”为好。

  第三段,诗人运用豫让、屈平、巢父、许由、伯夷、叔齐等古人以不同方式求得“身后名”,深入展开议论。屈平自投汨罗,博得“以身殉国”的美名。豫让,春秋时晋国人,为智伯多次行刺赵襄子未遂而自杀,成为历史上著名的“刺客”。巢父和许由为古代著名隐者,传说尧让天下于许由,许由听后,认为有污自己的耳朵,便逃到颖水边洗耳,当时,巢父正牵犊饮于下流,就责怪许由污其犊口,遂牵犊到上游。伯夷、叔齐为殷朝末年孤竹国君之子,武王伐纣之后,不食周粟而饿死,被孔子称为“古之仁人”。但是,诗人认为这些古人都是为“爱身后名”的奴役,不如“我爱眼前酒”。这个中的妙理在于“饮酒眼前乐”是实实在在的,“身后虚名”则不是。“男儿穷通”自有机遇,不必强求,即使求得“身后名”,死后人们弯腰向你礼拜,你也不知道了。这一“虚”一“实”的反差,正是李白的牢骚话。“自古圣贤皆寂寞,唯有饮者留其名。”(李白《将进酒》)诗人正是以这种惊世骇俗的牢骚话博得千古美名。诗人借用猛虎不屑一顾案头肉和洪炉不熔铸囊中小锥进行类比反衬,表现自己不汲汲于“身后名”的傲骨和大志,嘲笑那些贪图靠“身后名”者不过是些心底狭窄之辈!

  最后一段,又以宁武子和朱买臣宕起一笔。宁武子,即宁戚,春秋齐人,有奇才,隐于商旅,齐桓公夜出巡访,他正在喂牛,并击牛角而歌唱,桓公闻而奇之,委以重任。朱买臣,西汉人,家贫,以卖柴为生,好读书,能朗诵《楚辞》,后被汉武帝征用。诗人用这两个古人的事迹,旨在说明穷通有时,应该顺其自然,从而嘲讽那些被“曲如钩”者迷惑了心窍的当权者,即是遇到宁、朱二人,也不会了解他们,他们也只好去佯狂避世了。


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纳兰性德《
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南乡子·捣衣》


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温庭筠《
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酒泉子·楚女不归》

李白简介

唐代·李白的简介


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李白


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李白(701年-762年),字太白,号青莲居士,唐朝浪漫主义诗人,被后人誉为“诗仙”。祖籍陇西成纪(待考),出生于西域碎叶城,4岁再随父迁至剑南道绵州。李白存世诗文千余篇,有《李太白集》传世。762年病逝,享年61岁。其墓在今安徽当涂,四川江油、湖北安陆有纪念馆。

...〔 ► 李白的诗(963篇)

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