自巩洛舟行入黄河即事寄府县僚友
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唐代]:韦应物
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夹水苍山路向东,东南山豁大河通。
寒树依微远天外,夕阳明灭乱流中。
孤村几岁临伊岸,一雁初晴下朔风。
为报洛桥游宦侣,扁舟不系与心同。
自巩洛舟行入黄河即事寄府县僚友译文及注释
译文
两岸青山夹着洛水,船顺水向东航行,东南方向的山谷开阔,洛水与黄河相通。
稀疏的树木远在天边隐约可见,夕阳映照在汹涌的河水中忽暗忽明。
想起了几年前出现在伊河边的孤零零村落,眼前是雨霁初晴,一只孤雁在朔风中向南方飞去。
我要告诉在洛桥漫游的作官的朋友,我的心思就像不拴系的小船随波逐流。
注释
巩:今河南巩县。洛:洛水。这里的巩洛,即是指巩县洛河注入黄河处。
豁:大洞,此指两山交界处的深谷。大河:指黄河。
依微:依稀,因距离遥远而模糊不清的样子。
乱流:指众多的河流。
伊岸:伊水畔。
桥:洛阳洛河上之天津桥。游宦侣:在外地作官的朋友。
扁舟:小船。
参考资料:
1、李志敏.唐诗名篇鉴赏.北京:京华出版社,2011:142
2、杨佐义.全唐诗精选译注.长春:长春出版社,2000:716
自巩洛舟行入黄河即事寄府县僚友创作背景
韦应物于大历八年(773)秋冬之间,曾南下江淮,准备到广陵(今江苏扬州)去谋事。在广陵盘桓了八九个月,一事无成,于大历九年(774)秋天,怀着怅然若失的心情北归,在淮水边上遇见了过去在洛阳耐的同僚李主簿,写下了这首七律名篇。
参考资料:
1、倪其心 等.唐诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1983:679-680
自巩洛舟行入黄河即事寄府县僚友鉴赏
首联写李主簿隐居的环境。他结茅隐居于淮水边的古渡口,可以卧看淮水奔流。环境虽然清幽,但从古渡口的废弃不用和淮水的逝去不复返,已暗逗下联时不我待、人将衰老之感慨,韦诗运笔的精致细腻,于此可见一斑。
颔联为传诵千古的警句,人与树相互映衬:树已逢秋,人焉得不老?窗里将老之人,面对着门前已衰之树,想起岁月不居,壮志蹉跎,这将何以为怀。这中间不仅极其传神地描摹了李主簿衰颓的形象与凄凉的心境,也寄寓着诗人自己怅然若失的情怀,其表现手法真是高明之至。
颈联写李主簿在古渡口的茅屋落中所见到的景象。粗粗一读,仿佛棼是随手拈来,漫不经心;细细品味,入深感是赋比结合,寓意深刻。“寒霈山”切深秋季节,“独过雁”比况李即主簿的孤独、萧索的生活境遇;“暮茎雨”既照应上联之人老树秋,又关合府下联之夕逢归,“远来舟”逗引出蓉下联的“逢归客”。真乃细针密线、友情景交融之佳句。
尾联仍从李主簿这边落笔,不说诗人遇上李主簿,而说李主簿在傍晚时遇上了一位北归的客人,依然不忘旧情,仍然热情接待。诗至此便戛然而止,至于主客会面以后的情景,便全留在诗外,让读者自己去想象了。
通观全篇,全从客位去描绘抒写,诗中所突出的,是居于客位的李主簿的形象与感受,而将诗人主观的感受融化在客体之中。在逢遇一类题材的作品中,是独具一格的。
这诗写景物有情思,有寄托,重在兴会标举,传神写意。洛水途中,诗人仿佛在赏景,实则心不在焉,沉于思虑。黄河的开阔景象,似乎惊觉了诗人,使他豁然开通,眺望起来。然而他看到的景象,却使他更为无奈而忧伤。遥望前景,萧瑟渺茫:昔日伊水孤村,显示出人民经历过多么深重的灾难;朔风一雁,恰似诗人只身东下赴任,知时而奋飞,济世于无望。于是他想起了朋友们的鼓励和期望,感到悲慨而疚愧,觉得自己终究是个无所求的无能者,济世之情,奋斗之志,都难以实现。这就是此诗的景中情,画外意。
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韦应物(737~792),中国唐代诗人。汉族,长安(今陕西西安)人。今传有10卷本《韦江州集》、两卷本《韦苏州诗集》、10卷本《韦苏州集》。散文仅存一篇。因出任过苏州刺史,世称“韦苏州”。诗风恬淡高远,以善于写景和描写隐逸生活著称。
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