堂成
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唐代]：杜甫
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背郭堂成荫白茅，缘江路熟俯青郊。
桤林碍日吟风叶，笼竹和烟滴露梢。
暂止飞乌将数子，频来语燕定新巢。
旁人错比扬雄宅，懒惰无心作解嘲。
堂成译文及注释
译文
草堂用白茅盖成，背向城郭，邻近锦江，坐落在沿江大路的高地上。从草堂可以俯瞰郊野青葱的景色。
草堂修在桤林深处，桤林茂密透不进强烈的阳光，仿佛漠漠轻烟笼罩着，连风吹叶子，露水滴树梢都能听到。
草堂的落成，使乌鸦带领小鸟翔集，让燕子也来筑巢。
旁人把草堂错比成扬雄的草玄堂，我可是懒惰之人，也无心像扬雄那样作《解嘲》文章。
注释
堂：即“草堂”。成，落成。
背郭：背负城郭。草堂在成都城西南三里，故曰背郭。荫白茅：用茅草覆盖。
缘江路熟：堂在浣花溪上，溪近锦江，故得通称江。江边原无路，因营草堂，缘江往来，竟走出来一条络，故曰缘江路熟。熟，有成熟意。俯青郊：面对郊原。堂势较高，故用府字。开头二句写堂之形势及所用材料。
桤（qī）：落叶乔木，叶长倒卵形，果穗椭圆形，下垂，木质较软，嫩叶可作茶的代用品。
将：率领。
扬雄，西汉末年大赋家。其宅在成都少城西南角，一名“草玄堂”。
参考资料：
1、萧涤非．杜甫诗选注．北京：人民文学出版社，1998：150-151
堂成创作背景
杜甫于唐肃宗乾元二年（759年）年底来到成都，在百花潭北、万里桥边营建一所草堂。经过两三个月时间，到第二年春末，草堂落成了。这诗便是那时所作。关于这首诗的写作年代，也还有不同的看法。
参考资料：
1、萧涤非．杜甫诗选注．北京：人民文学出版社，1998：150-151
2、马茂元 等．唐诗鉴赏辞典 ．上海：上海辞书出版社，1983：536-537
堂成鉴赏
诗的开头两句，从环境背景勾勒出草堂的方位。中间四句写草堂本身之景，通过自然景色的描写，把诗人历尽战乱之后新居初定时的生活和心情，细致而生动地表现了出来。
“桤林碍日”、“笼竹和烟”，写出草堂的清幽。它隐在丛林修篁深处，透不进强烈的阳光，好像有一层漠漠轻烟笼罩着。“吟风叶”，“滴露梢”，是“叶吟风”，“梢滴露”的倒文。说“吟”，说“滴”，则声响极微。连这微细的声响都能察觉出，可见诗人生活的宁静；他领略、欣赏这草堂景物，心情和草堂景物完全融合在一起。因此，在他的眼里，乌飞燕语，各有深情。“暂止飞乌将数子，频来乳燕定新巢”，罗大经《鹤林玉露》说这两句“盖因乌飞燕语而类己之携雏卜居，其乐与之相似。此比也，亦兴也”。诗人正是以他自己的欢欣，来体会禽鸟的动态的。在这之前，他像那“绕树三匝，无枝可栖”的乌鹊一样，带着孩子们奔波于关陇之间，后来才飘流到这里。草堂营成，不但一家人有了个安身之处，连禽鸟也都各得其所。翔集的飞乌，营巢的燕子，也与诗人一同喜悦。在写景状物的诗句中往往寓有比兴之意，这是杜诗的特点之一。然而杜甫居住的草堂，毕竟不同于陶渊明归隐的田园，杜甫为了避乱才来到成都，他初来成都时，就怀着“信美无与适，侧身望川梁。鸟雀各夜归，中原杳茫茫”（《成都府》）的羁旅之思；直到后来，他还是说：“此身那老蜀，不死会归秦。”因而草堂的营建，对他只不过是颠沛流离的辛苦途程中的歇息之地，而不是终老之乡。从这个意义来说，尽管新居初定，景物怡人，而在宁静喜悦的心情中，总不免有彷徨忧伤之感。“以我观物，故物皆着我之色彩。”（王国维《人间词话》）这种复杂而微妙的矛盾心理状态，通过“暂止飞乌”的“暂”字微微地透露了出来。
尾联“旁人错比扬雄宅，懒惰无心作《解嘲》”，有两层涵意。扬雄宅又名草玄堂，故址在成都少城西南角，和杜甫的浣花草堂有着地理上的联系。杜甫在浣花草堂吟诗作赋，幽静而落寞的生活，有些和左思《咏史》诗里说的“寂寂扬子宅，门无卿相舆”的情况相类似。扬雄曾闭门著书，写他那模拟《周易》的《太玄》，草玄堂因而得名。当杜甫初到成都，寓居浣花溪寺时，高适寄给他的诗说：“传道招提客，诗书自讨论。……草《玄》今已毕，此后更何言？”（《赠杜二拾遗》）就拿他和扬雄写《太玄》相比；可是他的答复却是：“草《玄》吾岂敢，赋或似相如。”（《酬高使君相赠》）这诗说草堂不能比拟扬雄宅，也是表示他自己并没有像扬雄那样，写《太玄》之类的鸿篇巨著。这意思是可以从上述答高适诗里得到印证的。此其一。扬雄在《解嘲》里，高自标榜，说他闭门写《太玄》，阐明圣贤之道，无意于富贵功名。实际上，他之所以写这篇《解嘲》，正是发泄宦途不得意的愤懑之情。而杜甫只不过把这草堂作为避乱偷生之所，和草玄堂里的扬雄心情是不同的，因而也就懒于发那《解嘲》式的牢骚了。这是第二层意思。
诗从草堂营成说起；中间写景，用“语燕新巢”作为过脉；最后由物到人，仍然回到草堂，点出身世感慨。“背郭堂成”的“堂”，和“错比扬雄宅”的“宅”遥相呼应。关合之妙，不见痕迹。
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杜甫《
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奉陪郑驸马韦曲二首》
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杜甫《
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客亭》
杜甫简介
唐代·杜甫的简介
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杜甫（712－770），字子美，自号少陵野老，世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等，汉族，河南府巩县（今河南省巩义市）人，唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”，其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”，为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来，杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民，人格高尚，他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来，诗艺精湛，在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇，影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都，后世有杜甫草堂纪念。
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九日易为风，凄其远望同。碧山分雪白，黄叶变霜红。
客梦初闻雁，乡心久忆菘。祇今将改岁，何以谢东蒙。
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垂帘
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清代：
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商可
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柔绿阴无际，垂帘昼似年。莺声催午课，花气拥春眠。
向母寻眉谱，随兄治砚田。潜心看内则，钞得两三篇。