度大庾岭
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唐代]:宋之问
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度岭方辞国,停轺一望家。
魂随南翥鸟,泪尽北枝花。
山雨初含霁,江云欲变霞。
但令归有日,不敢恨长沙。
度大庾岭译文及注释
译文
我离开京城刚刚度过大庾岭,便停下车子,再次回首遥望我的家乡。
我的魂魄追随着从南方向北奋飞的鸟儿,望着那向北而开的花枝,眼泪为之流不止。
山间连绵阴雨刚刚有了一点停止的意思,江上的云彩亦微有化作云霞的趋势。
只要有重回长安的机会,我是不敢像贾谊那样因为被贬而感到遗憾的。
注释
岭:指大庾岭,五岭之一,在今江西大余县和广东南雄县交界处,因岭上多梅花,也称梅岭。辞国:离开京城。国:国都,指长安。
轺(yáo):只用一马驾辕的轻便马车。
翥(zhù):鸟向上飞举。南翥鸟:前人有过三种解释:一说泛指南飞的鸟;一说指鹧鸪,《禽经》上有“鹧鸪南翥”的说法,而古人又认为鹧鸪的叫声是“行不得也哥哥”,自然引起行人的惆怅;又一说是大雁,根据是作者同时的诗作《题大庾岭北驿》有云:“阳月南飞雁,传闻至此回。我行殊未已,何日复归来?”又《唐会要》卷二八有“阳为君德,雁随阳者,臣归君之象也”的说法。
北枝花:大庾岭北的梅花。霁:雨(或雪)止天晴。
长沙:用西汉贾谊故事。谊年少多才,文帝欲擢拔为公卿。因老臣谗害,谊被授长沙王太傅(汉代长沙国,今湖南长沙市一带)。
参考资料:
1、于海娣 等 .唐诗鉴赏大全集 .北京 :中国华侨出版社 ,2010 :31 .
度大庾岭创作背景
神龙元年(705年),武则天病重,宰相张柬之率大臣发动政变,逼武后退位,拥立唐中宗李显。武则天的嬖臣张易之被杀。诏事张易之的宋之问因受牵连而获罪,于神龙元年(705年)春被贬为泷州(州治在今广东罗定县东)参军。这首《度大庾岭》诗是他前往贬所途经大庾岭时所作。
参考资料:
1、周啸天 等 .唐诗鉴赏辞典补编 .成都 :四川文艺出版社 ,1990 :50-51 .
度大庾岭鉴赏
此诗真实生动地叙述了作者过大庾岭的情景,情感凄楚悲凉,真挚感人。
起句“度岭方辞国”,扣题直叙,说明诗人已经来到“华夷”分界的梅岭之巅,将要走出中原,辞别故国了。大庾岭在古人心目中是腹地和南部边陲的分野,是文明和蛮荒的界限。此去身陷边鄙,祸福难科,家阻万山,赋归无期,忆往思来,百感交集。此句一个“方”字把“度岭”“辞国”联系在一起,顿然使人产生一种摇曳心旌的感觉,使文势陡率而高远。对句“停轺一望家”,诗人停下长途跋涉的驿车,在中原与“夷国”的边界驻足远望家乡的方向。此刻站在高高的山岭上,还能望长安于日下,指故里于云间,而“明朝望乡处,应见岭头梅”(《题大庾岭北驿》),其它全被山岭遮住了。因此,要抓紧时机,停下车来,滞留山头,深情地向家园方向再望一次。至此,一个失魂落魄的遭贬谪的宦游人的形象展现在读者面前了。这“一望”的“一”字,也甚为传神,传达出诗人去国怀乡的深沉感情。
颔联“魂随南翥鸟,泪尽北枝花”,紧承首联中的“望”字而来,诗人遥望乡关,只见鸟儿飞翔,花儿开放。据说大庾岭南北气候差异,南枝谢了,北枝才开。人在岭北,犹如花开枝头;一入岭南,就像花残凋落。诗人眼中的鸟儿是“南翥”,花儿是“北枝”,因此触动了北人南迁的情思。心向北,身往南,距离越拉越大,矛盾痛苦越来越深,诗人的魂魄和思绪都随着那向南飞翔的故乡之鸟而去了,那岭北绽放的梅花却多情地向他频送春光。此景此情,使他黯然神伤。这联诗写得情景交融,将诗人魂断庾岭的情态表现得淋漓尽致。
颈联“山雨初含霁,江云欲变霞”,上句写山雨欲停未停,天空已放出些许晴光。下句是描绘江中云影即将变作彩霞的霎那间。这两句专门写景,避免正面表达感情,迂回取道,曲径通幽,在结构上是转折,在情绪上是顿挫,宕开一笔,别开生面。诗人描写景色的渐变,衬托自己心情的变化。“初含”、“欲变”等字眼,赋予云雨以灵性。写云,不直接表现天空的云,而是描绘江中的倒影。可见山雨是濛濛细雨。这样写可以一箭双雕,将山的空明、水的澄澈同时生动地表现出来了。诗人在《早发大庾岭》诗里写道:“晨跻大庾险,驿鞍驰复息。雾露昼未开,浩途不可测。兄弟远沦居,妻子成异域。羽翮伤已毁,童幼怜未识。踌躇恋北顾,亭午晞霁色。春暖阴梅花,瘴回阳鸟翼。”由此可知《度大庾岭》是《早发大庾岭》的续篇。这首诗中写的“山雨初含霁”,大约是在中午或午后;“江云欲变霞”,可能是在下午或傍晚。
在这样美好的山水景色中,诗人的心潮逐渐趋于平静,开始振作起来面对现实考虑自己的出路。在《早发大庾岭》里有这样的诗句:“适蛮悲疾首,怀恐泪沾臆。感谢鹓鹭朝,勤修魑魅职。生还倘非远,誓以报恩德。”可见他希望勤奋修职,争取早日赦归。由于天气的好转,诗人心情也逐渐开朗,由天气的变化联想到自己的命运,也充满了希望。于是不禁发出了“但令归有日,不敢恨长沙”的感慨,表示他只希望有回去的那天,就心满意足了,对自己受贬迁不敢有所怨恨。这是用了西汉贾谊遭权臣们排挤被贬为长沙王太傅的典故,说自己不敢像贾谊谪居长沙时那样因不适应湿热的气候“自以为寿不得长”而心生“恨”意。这种以退为进的写法,更把那希望生还的拳拳之心衬托了出来。尾联以直抒胸臆而作结,但上句的“归有日”又与首联的“辞国”、“望家”遥相呼应。
此诗起势不凡,有如醍醐灌顶,在读者心上激起冲击浪,浪一重,愁一重,水一曲,肠一曲,几经曲折,最后以绵绵无尽的情意作结,给人以余味无穷之感。
这首诗感情真挚,以景衬情,情景交融,达到一个较高的境界;章法严谨,对仗工整,音韵和谐,表现出一种自然而又流动的整齐美,是一首成熟的五言律诗,堪称“示后进以准”的佳作。
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时秋积雨霁
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宋代:
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毛直方
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酝酿丰年付老农,挽回凉信报诗翁。
巫山久暗埋寒碧,湘水初明浴晚红。
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代玉娥答 其一
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明代:
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叶春及
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妾本巫山山下女,朝朝暮暮在阳台。可怜遗履轩前月,长照飞凫海上来。