黄州
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宋代]：陆游
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局促常悲类楚囚，迁流还叹学齐优。
江声不尽英雄恨，天意无私草木秋。
万里羁愁添白发，一帆寒日过黄州。
君看赤壁终陈迹，生子何须似仲谋！
黄州译文及注释
译文
我常常为自己的身不由己悲伤，就好像楚钟仪被囚禁一样；又叹息自己被贬谪放逐，还要学齐国倡优讨好尊上。
大江奔流，流不尽英雄的遗恨；天意无私，寒秋草木依旧枯黄。
万里远行，旅愁使我平添了白发；船过黄州，风帆浴着冰冷的日光。
请看当年三国鏖战的赤壁，如今早已成为陈迹；男儿不再能建功立业，何必再学习孙权的榜样。
注释
黄州：地名。在今湖北武汉市东，长江北岸，东坡赤壁在此。
局促：受约束而不得舒展。楚囚：《左传·成公九年》：“晋侯观于军府，见钟仪。问之曰：‘南冠而絷者，谁也？’有司对曰：‘郑人所献楚囚也。’”此典后人多用来指处于困境而不忘故国的人，这里与“局促”并提，则主要用“南冠被絷”之义。“被絷”则失去自由，“南冠”表示陆游心系江南故乡。
迁流：迁徙、流放，指被远遣到巴蜀任职。齐优：齐国的优伶。《史记·乐书》：“仲尼不能与齐优遂容于鲁。”后借指一般优伶。优伶须曲意承欢，讨好于人，陆游正用此意。
英雄：此处指三国赤壁之战中孙权、周瑜等人。
天意无私：大自然无所偏爱。无私，无私情，无偏向。秋：凋零的时期。
羁愁：旅途之愁。
赤壁：在今湖北省蒲圻县。公元208年，周瑜大破曹操之地。苏轼《赤壁赋》和《念奴娇》词误以黄州赤鼻矶为赤壁，陆游在《入蜀记》第四有辨证，此处姑从苏轼诗文生发。
“生子”句：《三国志·吴书·吴主传》：“曹公望权军，叹其齐肃，乃退。”裴松之注引《吴历》：“公见舟船器仗军伍整肃，喟然叹曰：‘生子当如孙仲谋，刘景升儿子若豚犬耳。’”这里反其意而用之，说既然南宋朝廷不思北伐，生子如孙仲谋又有何用！仲谋，三国吴主孙权字。
参考资料：
1、邹志方．陆游诗词选：中华书局，2005：24-25
2、黄珅．陆游诗文鉴赏辞典：上海辞书出版社，2013：27-28
3、傅德岷．宋诗名篇赏析：巴蜀书社，2012：268-269
4、刘际幸．王力《古代汉语》文选全译：吉林教育出版社，1992：372
黄州创作背景
宋孝宗乾道五年（1169），陆游受命为四川夔州通判，次年，他沿江前往赴任，于八月间到达黄州。 见前代遗迹，念时事艰危，叹英雄已矣，顾自身飘零，无限伤感，油然而起，遂形诸诗篇。
参考资料：
1、霍松林 等．宋诗鉴赏辞典：上海辞书出版社，1987：923-924
2、傅德岷．宋诗名篇赏析：巴蜀书社，2012：268-269
黄州鉴赏
首联诗人悲叹自己的难堪。作者一生窘境无限：绍兴中应试为秦桧所黜，积极参与张浚的抗金规划，又被罢斥还乡，此次又放任“难于上青天”的蜀地，如一个被俘的囚犯，处境十分窘迫。犹似“不能与齐优遂客于鲁”的孔仲尼。孔仲尼与“齐优”道不合弃生养自己的鲁国去周游列国。司马贞《索隐》：“齐人归女乐而孔子行，言不能遂容于鲁而去也。”此所谓“齐优”，与放翁行迹，殊不相类。故此句“齐优”二字，实放翁信手拈来，率尔成对，未必真用以自喻。首联所写，全在“局促”、“迁流”四字，若泥于“楚囚”、“齐优”，以为放翁必有所指，反失诗意。
颔联诗人借景鸣心中的不平。黄州位于长江中游，三国争雄之地。杜甫诗：“江流石不转，遗恨失吞吴。”（《八阵图》）颔联出句，即借用杜诗。此句“英雄”，似可指已被长江巨浪淘尽的三国风流人物。但放翁之意，本不在怀古，故此“英雄”实是自道。其恨，正是上联所言“局促”、“迁流”之恨，是岁月蹉跎、壮志未酬之恨。颔联对句从李贺诗“衰兰送客咸阳道，天若有情天亦老”（《金铜仙人辞汉歌》）中化出。人虽多情，天意无私。衰兰送客，秋草迎人，于人倍增伤感，于天却是时之当然。而天之无情，又正衬托出人心之不平。此联文约意深，笔力绝高。
颈联续上联，借眼前之景，反复致意“英雄”之恨。那万里入蜀的羁旅之愁，韶华易逝壮志难酬之恨，使作者双鬓频添银丝。孤舟秋日过黄州，两岸秋声不断，秋草衰萎，霜木知秋疏染，令作者感慨无限。万里羁愁，直接点明“英雄”之恨；频添白发，又与草木摇落相映；一帆寒日，对照两岸秋声；黄州城下，点出兴感之地。放翁于此时、此地、此景，总是无限感慨，不能不吐，但又不欲畅言，故但借眼前景象，反复致意。中间两联，虽所写情景相似，但笔法错综，变化无端。
尾联诗人借景感事言志。赤壁尚在，但英雄不可再世，古战场已成旧址，万事尽付东流，世事成败不足道，因而作者认为“生子不须似仲谋”了。此联中诗人借赤壁陈迹感叹朝廷偏安半壁，强敌入侵，思无英雄与敌抗衡，自己虽似仲谋，志在恢复失地，驱逐强敌，但又得不到不思振作小朝廷的重用，还放外任万里之外的蜀地。只有提笔狂书，遂豪情壮志形诸于诗篇了。长江、汉水流域，有赤壁多处。苏轼谪官黄州，误信其地传说，言“簧周西山簏，斗入江中，石色如丹，传云曹公败处，所谓赤壁者。”（《苕溪渔隐丛话后集》）数游其地，作赋填词，语意高妙，堪称古今绝唱。黄州赤壁，却因苏轼之故，声名大振。后人过黄州遂思赤壁，见痴壁又必追忆昔日英雄。特别在偏安半壁，强敌入犯之时，更是思英雄再世，与敌抗衡。放翁于此，却偏道赤壁已成陈迹，万事尽赴东流，世事成败，又何足道，生子何须定似仲谋。放翁一生，志在恢复失地，即使僵卧孤村，犹梦铁马，提笔狂书，思驱敌人，决不会出此消极之言。明王嗣奭评杜甫诗句“儒术于我何有哉，孔丘盗跖皆尘埃”时“说总是不平之鸣，无可奈何之词。”（《杜臆》）此诗末联，也正是一种无可奈何的不平之鸣。
题为《黄州》，诗却非常专咏黄州；看似咏古之诗，实是伤感之作。华东师范大学教授黄珅认为“理解此诗，不可拘泥于题目、文字，当于词意凄怆之处，识其激愤之情；于笔力横绝之处，求其不平之气；于音节顿挫之处，听其深沉之慨。放翁越人，万里赴蜀，苦为微官所缚，局促如辕下驹。”陆游抒写爱国热情的诗篇，有的高亢激昂，一泻千里，有的则悲痛低沉，哀惋悱恻。这首七律基调低沉，是后一类型的代表。
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苏轼《
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山坡陀行》
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陆游《
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感皇恩·小阁倚秋空》
陆游简介
唐代·陆游的简介
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陆游（1125—1210），字务观，号放翁。汉族，越州山阴（今浙江绍兴）人，南宋著名诗人。少时受家庭爱国思想熏陶，高宗时应礼部试，为秦桧所黜。孝宗时赐进士出身。中年入蜀，投身军旅生活，官至宝章阁待制。晚年退居家乡。创作诗歌今存九千多首，内容极为丰富。著有《剑南诗稿》、《渭南文集》、《南唐书》、《老学庵笔记》等。
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江湖双鬓秃，宇宙一身穷，酒浪摇轻碧，灯花落碎红。
交情元易见，春事半成空。
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送春坊董正字浙右归觐
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唐代：
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马戴
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去觐毗陵日，秋残建业中。莎垂石城古，山阔海门空。
灌木寒樯远，层波皓月同。何当复雠校，春集少阳宫。
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御赐圆通禅寺后以诗寄善世全室
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：
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蒲庵禅师
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龙河再镇感皇情，倡道从来属老成。
睹史夜摩皆听法，震丹竺国总知名。
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对雪
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明代：
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文徵明
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短榻无聊拥败绨，开门深雪压檐低。苍松白石寒相照，曲巷斜桥去欲迷。
舞态不禁风脉脉，羁怀都似鸟凄凄。小山诗思清如许，不见高人出剡溪。