阆山歌
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唐代]：杜甫
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阆州城东灵山白，阆州城北玉台碧。
松浮欲尽不尽云，江动将崩未崩石。
那知根无鬼神会？已觉气与嵩华敌。
中原格斗且未归，应结茅斋著青壁。
阆山歌译文及注释
译文
阆州城东的灵山呈现一片白色，而阆州城北的玉台山则一片碧绿。
松树上浮着欲尽不尽的云彩，江浪摇动着将崩未崩的石头。
虽然这里人也祭拜祖先，可当地的子孙后代却从来没有与祖先灵魂或相会。虽然世界上没有鬼神与人能真正相会，但这里的祭拜盛况可与嵩山、华山的清明活动相匹敌。
中原地区的战争尚未结束，应建个茅屋来把青纱幔挂于屋址的墙壁上。
注释
“阆州”二句：点出阆州名山及其方位。灵山在阆州城东北十里，传说蜀王鳖灵登此山，因名灵山。玉台山在阆州城北七里，上有玉台观，唐滕王（李元婴）所造。杜甫另有《玉台观》诗。灵山：一作“雪山”。玉台：一作“玉壶”。
松浮，指松枝在摇动。
江动，指江水在涌动。未：一作“已”。
根，石根，亦即山根。江流汹涌而石根不崩，安知不是有鬼神呵护。所以浦起龙说：“那知其无，正见其有。”气，气象。嵩华，中岳嵩山与西岳华山。敌，匹敌，即“草敌虚岚翠”之“敌”。是说灵山、玉台可与嵩华并高。见阆山而联想嵩华，已逗下“中原未归”意。
中原：地区名。广义指整个黄河流域，狭义指今河南一带。此指前者。格斗：指安史之乱。
“应结”句：一作“应著茅斋向青壁”。茅斋：即曾由阆中后人建存于古城内的“杜甫草堂”。著：一作“看”。青壁：即石崖。青表其色，壁状其峭。
参考资料：
1、萧涤非．杜甫诗选注．北京：人民文学出版社，1998：200-201
阆山歌创作背景
广德元载（763年）秋天，寓居在梓州（今四川三台）的杜甫突然得到挚友房琯客死在阆中古城的噩耗，便星夜兼程赶赴阆中，吊唁并料理朋友的后事，并就此迷恋上了阆中的山光水色。广德二载（764年）春，杜甫在第二次攀登城南锦屏山时，天高心远，写下了这首《阆山歌》。
参考资料：
1、萧涤非．杜甫诗选注．北京：人民文学出版社，1998：200-201
阆山歌鉴赏
“阆州”是说明“地名”，当时阆中人已在被唐玄宗赐为“仙穴山”的灵山祭祖祭神，用大量的白花、白幡挂放于满山、满坡、满树枝，映衬得此山一片片白色而象征“灵山白”。“城东”“城北”，是在介绍相关的地理位置；“灵山、玉台”，是专指具体的地方；“白、碧”，是在以景喻事。这两句叙述了阆中当地的清明祭祀活动之事。
“松浮欲尽不尽云，江动将崩未崩石”两句是针对第一联从现实性出发所记载的阆中当地清明节祭祖活动之盛况。“松浮欲尽”，是指松枝在摇动中“想”把本不属于松树的什么东西摇开。可能把一些由唐代阆中人在清明节有人先挂在松树上的白花（诗中喻为白云）、挂在松树上的青纱（诗中喻为乌云）摇散、摇落，但又有后来人在清明时节陆续再在树枝上挂上白花或青纱，让阆中的灵山与玉台山的松树上在这段时间内，能较长期存在着可拟为白云或乌云的白花和青纱，故而能“不尽云”。接着以唱叹的语气写出江面的盛况。唐代阆州盛大持久的祭祖、祭天、祭神、祭亡灵的活动，因不少仪式是官民共同参与，来自陆路与水路的敬拜者络绎不绝：在山祭山神，在水祭水神，在庙祭祖宗，在宇祭上天；这一因船只在江面涌动、陆上又有吹打弹唱而震得岩体欲崩的群体性民俗活动，能震撼目击者的心灵。
第三联上句“那知根无鬼神会”中“根”与“鬼神”均与清明节的活动有直接关系，与《杜臆》所释“阆中山多仙圣游迹”相符合。下句“已觉气与嵩华敌”的诗意不是在讲阆山的山势能与嵩山和华山的高度相似而可“敌”，而仍然是描写阆山清明祭祖活动的空前盛况与磅礴气势。上句中“那知根”正好与下句“已觉气”成为一问一答的对应；而“无鬼神会”和“与嵩华敌”的描写，也是对应式的自问自答。这就是杜甫以《阆山歌》来记叙阆中清明祭祖盛况之诗歌中所表现来的睿智。
最后，“中原格斗且未归”是表达诗人在参加阆中清明节的祭祖活动中，仍不忘记国家的大事。杜甫一直关注着国家大事，即使他在参加阆中的清明祭祖活动以及写其《阆山歌》之际，仍在牵挂着不稳定的中原局势。此时身在阆州，耳闻目睹阆中人民爱祖爱国的民俗与热情，诗人表明自己也要与阆中人民同忧同思同作同为——“应结茅斋著青壁”。这个结句有几层大意：第一，在叙述与感叹中认为自己不能只是一个清明活动的记录者，也同时应当以行动来表示爱祖爱国；能在自己所居茅屋的墙壁著上表示哀愁的青纱，也是一番衷肠的诉说。第二，诗人从阆中清明祭祀活动中所领会“爱祖爱国民俗”的画境，和他要求一首诗所应达到“篇终接混茫”的诗境是近似的、相通的。第三，篇首的“灵山白”与篇末的“著青壁”，一“白”一“青”，又呈现出“白花与青纱”的对仗。这般前呼后应的诗歌结构，强烈地显现出《阆山歌》写作于清明时节的祭祀文化的风格。
杜甫在阆中的时间虽然不长，创作的诗篇却不少。就创作的速度而言，可以说是一个小小的高产期。这首《阆山歌》专咏阆山之胜，它与《阆水歌》一起成为杜甫在这一时期的代表作。
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毛熙震《
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浣溪沙·花榭香红烟景迷》
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杜甫《
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东屯北崦》
杜甫简介
唐代·杜甫的简介
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杜甫（712－770），字子美，自号少陵野老，世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等，汉族，河南府巩县（今河南省巩义市）人，唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”，其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”，为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来，杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民，人格高尚，他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来，诗艺精湛，在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇，影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都，后世有杜甫草堂纪念。
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郑孝胥
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新凉有味在秋灯，悦耳风蝉得未曾。祇蹈贪凉宜蚤睡，因凉引睡却堪憎。
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题画册一十二首 其十二
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：
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孙承恩
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云里古寺深，寒威凛毛发。蹇驴踏山径，不惮溪桥滑。