葛溪驿
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宋代]：王安石
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缺月昏昏漏未央，一灯明灭照秋床。
病身最觉风露早，归梦不知山水长。
坐感岁时歌慷慨，起看天地色凄凉。
鸣蝉更乱行人耳，正抱疏桐叶半黄。
葛溪驿译文及注释
译文
一钩残月挂在天空，月色昏昏，漏声滴答，黑夜正长；一盏油灯，忽明忽暗，寂寂地照着我的床。
多病的身子，最早感觉到风霜的寒意；做梦回到家乡，梦中不知道远隔千山万水，道路漫漫。
披衣而坐，纷扰的世事乱人心胸，禁不住慷慨高歌；起床徘徊，俯仰天地，只见到一片孤寂凄凉。
那凄切的鸣蝉声传入耳中，使我的心更乱；它紧抱着萧疏的梧桐树，树上的叶子已经半黄。
注释
①葛溪：今江西省弋阳县。
②驿：驿站是古代官方设立的旅店。
③缺月：不圆的月亮。
④漏：漏壶，古代计时器。
⑤未央：未尽。
⑥明灭：忽明忽暗。
⑦岁时：时光。
⑧起：起来。
⑨行人：诗人自指。
葛溪驿创作背景
这首诗作于皇祐二年（1050年）。当时王安石从临川去钱塘，途经弋阳，宿驿站中，秋声扰攘，悲从中来，作了这首诗。
参考资料：
1、缪钺等．《宋诗鉴赏辞典》．上海：上海辞书出版社，1987年12月第一版：第201-203页
葛溪驿鉴赏
诗人选择缺月、孤灯、风露、鸣蝉、疏桐等衰残的景象构成凄凉的秋景和孤寂的旅况，衬托出抱病的行人，从而表现羁旅独苦的处境和心情。
葛溪在江西弋阳。驿是公家设立的车马站或招待过客休息所。人在病中最快感觉到风露的早来，梦中回家，总是不知山水路途的遥远。江湖沦落，人又在病中，最是想家，心境最是凄苦。梦中不知山水长，醒后更觉家乡的路遥。
首联一落笔就从情上布景。“缺月昏昏”是诗人仰视窗外之所见。行役之人每于独眠客舍之夜间最易萌生思乡之情，当此之时，人地两疏，四顾寂寥；唯有天上的明月聊可与家人千里相共，故抬头望月，实为自来行人寄托乡思之一法。这首诗写月亦寓此意，而天公偏不作美，今夜悬挂于天庭的，竟是半轮缺月”，且月色“昏昏”，犹如一团惨白的愁雾。“漏未央”是诗人侧耳枕上之所闻。诗人于扫兴之余，便希望早入梦乡。怎奈原先并不十分在意的漏壶，此刻也仿佛故意作难，滴水声似乎越来越响。这在不眠之人听来，又增添了烦乱，心绪愈益无法宁贴，“未央”两字，不仅暗示入夜巳深，且摹写诗人对漏声的敏感与厌烦心情如见，更兼一灯如豆，忽明忽暗，使孤寂的旅况更加使人难以为怀，而独卧秋床的诗人目不交睫、转辗反侧的苦颜，也就可想而知了。
首联虽为景语，而景中宛然有诗人自己在，故颔联便直接叙写羁旅的困顿和抒发乡思之愁。出句写旅夜的悲苦境遇有三重不堪。病中行役，体弱衣单，值此秋风萧瑟、玉露凋伤的凉夜，不仅肉体上有切肤透骨的寒意，而且连心灵也仿佛浸透在凄寒之中。刘禹锡《秋风引》云：“何处秋风至，萧萧送雁群。朝来入庭树，孤客最先闻。”所谓“最觉风露早”，亦即刘诗“最先闻”之意。诗人以其超越常人的深情敏感去体察、品尝人间的苦果，自有一种超越常人的深悲极痛，三不堪。对句以恍惚的梦境写自己难以排遣的乡愁。大凡思家心切，总希望借梦境与家人团聚，但梦醒之后，往往更增怅惘空漠之感。此句虽未明言梦醒后的难堪，但“最觉风露早”五字已透露梦醒的原因，“不知山水长”五字正是梦醒后的感叹，而将无限惆怅之意，则留给读者自己去想象了。
刘熙载说：“律诗既患旁生枝节，又患如琴瑟之专一。融贯变化，兼之斯善，”（《艺概》卷二）这首诗上半篇写羁旅之愁，颈联便另出一意，写忧国之思，出句“坐感岁时歌慷慨”，是说诗人一想到时势的艰难，连那无穷的乡愁和病身的凄寒都在所不顾，毅然坐起，情不自禁地慷慨悲歌。王安石是个爱国主义者。他自涉足仕途以后，对人民的贫困，国力的虚耗，政治上的种种积弊步有比较深刻的认识，希望通过改革来解决社会危机。在此之前，他曾写了《省兵》、《读诏书》等关心政治与民瘼的诗篇，诗中慷慨陈词：“贱术纵工难自献，心忧天下独君王。”（《读诏书》）“歌慷慨”三字正是他“心忧天下”的具体写照。对句“起看天地色凄凉”，写诗人于壮怀激烈、郁愤难伸的情况下起身下床，徘徊窗下。小小的斗室装不下诗人的愁思，只好望着窗外的天地出神，但映入诗人眼帘的，也仅是一片凄凉的景色而已。此句将浓郁的乡思、天涯倦怀、病中凄苦及深切的国事之忧融为一体，复借景色凄凉的天地包举团裹，勿使吐露，似达而郁，似直而曲，故有含蓄不尽之妙，综观中间两联，一写乡思，一写忧国之思,名虽为二，实可融贯为一，统称之为家国之思庐这正合上文所谓“融贯变化，兼之斯善”的要求。
尾联中的“行人”实即诗人自指。诗人握到天明，重登征途，顾视四野，仍无可供娱心悦目之事，唯有一片鸣蝉之声聒噪耳际。“乱”字形容蝉声的嘈杂烦乱，正所以衬托诗人心绪的百无聊赖。“乱”字之前着一“更”字，足见诗人夜来的种种新愁旧梦及凄苦慷慨之意仍萦绕心头，驱之不去，而耳际的蝉声重增其莫可名状的感慨，结句写秋蝉无知，以“叶半黄”的疏桐为乐国，自鸣得意，盲目乐观，诗人以此作为象喻，寄托他对于麻木浑噩的世人的悲悯，并借以反衬出诗人内心的悲慨。
全诗以作者的深情敏感为契机，抒写了强烈的忧国忧家的感情，这种感情随着时间的推移顿挫盘纡而出，并显示其转折变化的深度与广度，因此能极尽曲折往复之致。
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王安石简介
唐代·王安石的简介
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王安石（1021年12月18日－1086年5月21日），字介甫，号半山，谥文，封荆国公。世人又称王荆公。汉族，北宋抚州临川人（今江西省抚州市临川区邓家巷人），中国北宋著名政治家、思想家、文学家、改革家，唐宋八大家之一。欧阳修称赞王安石：“翰林风月三千首，吏部文章二百年。老去自怜心尚在，后来谁与子争先。”传世文集有《王临川集》、《临川集拾遗》等。其诗文各体兼擅，词虽不多，但亦擅长，且有名作《桂枝香》等。而王荆公最得世人哄传之诗句莫过于《泊船瓜洲》中的“春风又绿江南岸，明月何时照我还。”
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去年此日乱离中，霜叶寒花今又逢。雁羽不堪穷漠北，戍歌犹是大江东。
烟销衰草横塘静，日照疏林秋浦红。潦倒莫辞朝落帽，夜猿声急白蘋风。
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云栖竹树甚茂幽兰满山
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：
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玄烨
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山径纡徐合，溪声到处闻。竹深阴戛日，木古势干云。
倚槛听啼鸟，攀崖采异芬。韶华春已半，万物各欣欣。
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题潘臞斋客安书院
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宋代：
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陈深
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屋上即青山，柴扉镇日嵌。
烟霞三径足，天地一身闲。