听流人水调子
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唐代]:王昌龄
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孤舟微月对枫林,分付鸣筝与客心。
岭色千重万重雨,断弦收与泪痕深。
听流人水调子译文及注释
译文
夜晚,天上一弯微月,江上一叶孤舟,两岸是黑黝黝的枫林。演奏者是一位流浪的乐人,他的漂泊之苦和思乡之愁,倾注在筝乐之中,低婉压抑的筝乐,也更加重了客人的乡愁。
就像是飘飘洒洒永不停止的秋雨,弥漫在山岭之上。突然,筝弦断了,乐人思念之极,哀伤之极,以致忘情忘形;低首望去,弦断之处,泪水已经湿透了衣衫。
注释
流人:流落江湖的乐人。
水调子:即水调歌,属乐府商调曲。
分付:即发付,安排。
听流人水调子创作背景
这首诗大约作于王昌龄晚年赴龙标(今湖南黔阳)贬所途中。流人即流浪艺人,“水调子”即《水调歌头》。此诗写听流浪艺人弹奏筝曲《水调歌头》的感受,借此表达贬谪途中凄清又幽暗的心境。
听流人水调子鉴赏
首句写景,并列三个意象(孤舟、微月、枫林)。在中国古典诗歌中,本有借月光写客愁的传统。而江上见月,月光与水光交辉,更易牵惹客子的愁情。王昌龄似乎特别偏爱这样的情景:“亿君遥在潇湘月,愁听清猿梦里长”,“行到荆门向三峡,莫将孤月对猿愁”,等等,都将客愁与江月联在一起。而“孤舟微月”也是写的这种意境,“愁”字未明点,是见于言外的。“枫林”暗示了秋天,也与客愁有关。这种阔叶树生在江边,遇风发出一片肃杀之声(“日暮秋风起,萧萧枫树林”),真叫人感到“青枫浦上不胜愁”呢。“孤舟微月对枫林”,集中秋江晚来三种景物,就构成极凄清的意境(这种手法,后来在元人马致远《天净沙》中有最尽致的发挥),上面的描写为筝曲的演奏安排下一个典型的环境。此情此境,只有音乐能排遣异乡异客的愁怀了。弹筝者于此也就暗中登场。“分付”同“与”字照应,意味着奏出的筝曲与迁客心境相印。“水调子”本来哀切,此时又融入流落江湖的乐人(“流人”)的主观感情,引起“同是天涯沦落人”的迁谪者内心的共鸣。这里的“分付”和“与”,下字皆灵活,它们既含演奏弹拨之意,其意味又决非演奏弹拨一类实在的词语所能传达于万一的。它们的作用,已将景色、筝乐与听者心境紧紧钩连,使之融成一境。“分付”双声,“鸣筝”叠韵,使诗句铿锵上口,富于乐感。诗句之妙,恰如钟惺所说:“‘分付’字与‘与’字说出鸣筝之情,却解不出”(《唐诗归》)。所谓“解不出”。乃是说它可意会而难言传,不象实在的词语那样易得确解。
次句刚写入筝曲,三句却提到“岭色”,似乎又转到景上。其实,这里与首句写景性质不同,可说仍是写“鸣筝”的继续。也许晚间真的飞了一阵雨,使岭色处于有无之中。也许只不过是“微月”如水的清光造成的幻景,层层山岭好象迷蒙在雾雨之中。无论是哪种境况,对迁客的情感都有陪衬烘托的作用。此外,更大的可能是奇妙的音乐造成了这样一种“石破天惊逗秋雨”的感觉。“千重万重雨”不仅写岭色,也兼形筝声(犹如“大弦嘈嘈如急雨”);不仅是视觉形象,也是音乐形象。“千重”、“万重”的复叠,给人以乐音繁促的暗示,对弹筝“流人”的复杂心绪也是一种暗示。在写“鸣筝”之后,这样将“岭色”与“千重万重雨”并置一句中,省去任何叙写、关联词语,造成诗句多义性,含蕴丰富,打通了视听感觉,令人低回不已。
弹到激越处,筝弦突然断了。但听者情绪激动,不能自已。这里不说泪下之多,而换言“泪痕深”,造语形象新鲜。“收与”、“分付与”用字同妙,它使三句的“雨”与此句的“泪”搭成譬喻关系。似言听筝者的泪乃是筝弦收集岭上之雨化成,无怪乎其多了。这想象新颖独特,发人妙思。此诗从句法、音韵到通感的运用,颇具特色,而且都服务于意境的创造,浑融含蓄,而非刻露,《诗薮》称之为“连城之璧,不以追琢减称”,可谓知言。
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王昌龄简介
唐代·王昌龄的简介
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王昌龄 (698— 756),字少伯,河东晋阳(今山西太原)人。盛唐著名边塞诗人,后人誉为“七绝圣手”。早年贫贱,困于农耕,年近不惑,始中进士。初任秘书省校书郎,又中博学宏辞,授汜水尉,因事贬岭南。与李白、高适、王维、王之涣、岑参等交厚。开元末返长安,改授江宁丞。被谤谪龙标尉。安史乱起,为刺史闾丘所杀。其诗以七绝见长,尤以登第之前赴西北边塞所作边塞诗最著,有“诗家夫子王江宁”之誉(亦有“诗家天子王江宁”的说法)。
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