如梦令·点滴空阶疏雨
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清代]:王国维
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点滴空阶疏雨。迢递严城更鼓。睡浅梦初成,又被东风吹去。无据。无据。斜汉垂垂欲曙。
如梦令·点滴空阶疏雨译文及注释
译文
零星的雨点洒落在台阶上,传来远方城池上催更的鼓声。刚进入梦乡,却又被一阵寒风吹醒。梦刚开始就被这一阵风吹散。窗外天空中的银河已经低垂,天快亮了。
注释
空阶:无人行走之阶。南朝梁何逊《临行与故游夜别》有“夜雨滴空阶”。
迢(tiáo)递(dì):遥远貌。严城:戒备森严的城池。唐代皇甫冉有“去树近严城”之句。更鼓:旧时报更的鼓声。
无据:没有凭据,谓梦境无凭。宋徽宗《燕山亭》词“无据,和梦也,新来不做。”
斜汉:天将明时银河偏斜,故称斜汉。垂垂:低垂貌。唐代薛健有“满风轻撼叶垂垂”。曙:天刚亮。
参考资料:
1、叶嘉莹.王国维词新释辑评[M].北京:中国书店出版社,2006:1-3.
2、王传胪.王国维与人间词[J].四川:四川大学学报,2002:11(5)
如梦令·点滴空阶疏雨创作背景
此词撰于清光绪三十年(1904年),春。当时王国维在南通通州师范学校任教,因为生病,王国维精神有些恍惚,故词中写春夜的情怀,有着落寂的感觉。关于这首词的创作时间背景也有不同说法。学者佛雏认为此词于1904 年至1905年间创作。而钱剑平认为此词创作于1905年。
参考资料:
1、陈永正.王国维诗词全编校注[M].广东:中山大学出版社,2000:2.
如梦令·点滴空阶疏雨鉴赏
这首小词写一夜失眠的感受,较注重构思与技巧。它是《人间词甲稿》里的第一首,当是王国维的早期之作。
古诗写失眠比较直率,像《关睢》的“悠哉悠哉,辗转反侧”,像《古诗十九首》的“忧愁不能寐,揽衣起徘徊”,都是直接说出来的。词人写失眠就不大喜欢直说,如温庭筠的《更漏子》:“梧桐树,三更雨,不道离情正苦。一叶叶,一声声,空阶滴到明。”不言失眠而失眠自见。王国维这首词,也采用了温庭筠那种委婉曲折的表现方法。
“点滴”的“空阶疏雨”和“迢递”的“严城更鼓”都不是足以影响人睡眠的声音。然而在寂静的春夜里,这两种若有节奏的声音一近一远互相应和,不免使睡不着的人更加心烦意乱,从而也就更加难以入睡。这两句是写景,但景中已触合有人的感受。
“睡浅梦初成,又被东风吹去”是说,好不容易才朦胧入梦了,可是一下子又从梦里惊醒。作者不直接说自己从梦中惊醒,而说梦被东风吹去。把抽象的、无形的梦说成似乎是有形的、可以被风吹动的东西,这又是一种故作曲折的技巧。“无据”,是“没有凭据”。这里所指的是“被东风吹去”的那个初成之梦,刚开始就结束了的梦。那么这是一个有关爱情的梦还是一个有关理想的梦。梦见的是“众中不惜搴帷问”的“天人”还是“摘得星辰顷满袖行”的“萦回岛屿”。诗人没有说,似乎也来不及去想。因为这时候窗外天空银河已经低垂,天很快就要亮了。
这么短的一首小词,能用比较委婉曲折的表现手法,来写出彻夜失眼的感受,可见作者在构思与技巧上下了一番工夫。但若论感情的分量,则显然不如《乙稿》中同样写彻夜失眠的那一首“恨来迟,防醒易。梦里惊疑,何况服时际”(《苏幕遮·倦凭栏》)。当然,《苏幕透》是一首悼亡词。作者在经受了生离死别的巨大打击之后彻夜悲恸以至恍惚迷离,那种感情并不需要任何巧妙的修辞技巧。
构思安排,只耍直接说出来就足以深深地感动读者了。另外“梦境无凭而梦亦难成”的这种构思其实也不是王国维的创造,它来自宋徽宗(燕山亭)词的“怎不思量,除梦里有时曾去。无据。和梦也新来不做”。正如一些学者曾指出过的,王国维有时喜欢套用或改造前人的句子。对于套用和改造的效果,我们当然要看具体的作品。但就这种做法来说,则显然也是一种对技巧和文采的刻意追求。由此我们也可以看出,王国维论词虽然尚五代北宋词的“天工”,但他在自己的创作中却并不排斥,有时还在刻意追求“人巧”。
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王国维《
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王国维简介
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王国维(1877年—1927年),字伯隅、静安,号观堂、永观,汉族,浙江海宁盐官镇人。清末秀才。我国近现代在文学、美学、史学、哲学、古文字学、考古学等各方面成就卓著的学术巨子,国学大师。
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