幽居冬暮
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唐代]：李商隐
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羽翼摧残日，郊园寂寞时。
急景忽云暮，颓年浸已衰。
如何匡国分，不与夙心期。
幽居冬暮创作背景
这首诗，张采田《玉溪生年谱会笺》系于唐宣宗大中十二年（858年），认为此诗“词意颓唐，颇近晚境，其殆绝笔也欤？”并引程梦星云：“此乃大中末废罢，居郑州时作。”大中十二年（858年）冬，李商隐罢盐铁推官后，还郑州闲居，于是写下这首诗。
参考资料：
1、陈永正．李商隐诗选译．成都：巴蜀书社，1991：180-181
幽居冬暮鉴赏
第一联，诗人概括自己一生受挫、晚年困顿的实况，点出幽居题意。李商隐入仕后到处受人猜忌排笮，甚至被诬为“诡薄无行”、“放利偷合”（《新唐书·文艺传》）、“为当途者所薄，名宦不进，坎终身。”（《旧唐书·文苑传》）大中六年（852年）作者四十岁时写给杜惊的《献相国京兆公启》，说：“若某者，幼常刻苦，长实流离。乡举三年，才沾下第；宦游十载，未过上农。”此时他感到身心交瘁，如羽翼摧铩之鸟，无力奋飞了；只能退守“郊园”（在郑州的家园），忍受这寂寞无聊、郁郁寡欢的晚景。实际上，他才四十六岁。
第二联，以晓鸡和寒鹜自喻。诗意有两种解说。一、晓鸡（晨鸡）因树雪之光而惊鸣（误以为天明），喻不忘进取之心；以寒池之鸭表现自己不改操守（刘学锴等《李商隐诗选》）。二、鸡栖树上则有雪，鸭守池中则结冰，极写处境的寒苦（周振甫《李商隐选集》）。如能合此二解，辨其因果，可得其全：不忘进取报效，是因；终遭困顿寒苦，是果。晨鸡报天晓，喻进取；寒鹜守冰池，喻退处。两句诗极其形象地描绘出作者不谙世务、进退两难的处境，其中有哀怨，有酸楚，而且扣紧了诗题的“冬”字，即景抒情。李商隐极其擅长托物寓怀。他的咏物诗，如《蝉》：“本以高难饱，徒劳恨费声。”又如《流莺》：“流莺漂荡复参差，度陌临流不自持。”蝉之高栖悲鸣，莺之飘泊不定，可与此篇晓鸡寒鹜参照体味，从中想象作者的思想情怀与遭遇。
第三联，照应诗题冬“暮”。“暮”字双关，所以第一句写时序，第二句写年岁。冬季日短，暮色很快来临；随着时光的流逝，自己也进入了衰颓的晚景。这是为下一联的抒愤寄慨蓄势的。人到晚年，“羽翼摧残”，不可能再有作为了。
第四联，紧应上联，发出内心的呼喊：为什么平生匡国济世的抱负，不能与早年的心愿相合呢？这呼喊是愤慨的，因为商隐明明知道这个“为什么”。这呼喊同时又是凄凉感伤的，因为它毕竟出自一个性格不算坚强而又经历过太多打击的诗人。
此诗和李商隐多数作品一样，感伤的情调笼罩全篇，从“羽翼摧残”到“急景”、“颓年”，尤其是晓鸡寒鹜的具体形象，都是如此。不过这首诗与李商隐很多作品多含脍炙人口的名句却有所不同，纪昀评之曰：“无句可摘，自然深至。”没有刻意锤炼和精心藻饰，没有运用作者本来擅长的组织故实的手法，也没有警策深微、使人猛省或沉思的寓意，所以无句可摘；但它能恰如其分地、真实具体地表达此时此地的感受与心情，读之动容，所以说自然深至。当然，它仍然谨守平仄格律，注意对偶工整（四联中有三联对偶），用词造句都力求避免粗疏随意，因此和某些标榜自然平淡而流为枯淡俚浅的作品不同。在李商隐集中，它别具一格，又包含着商隐固有的特质，包含着多样化中的某种统一性。
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苏轼《
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陶渊明《
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癸卯岁十二月中作与从弟敬远》
李商隐简介
唐代·李商隐的简介
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李商隐，字义山，号玉溪（谿）生、樊南生，唐代著名诗人，祖籍河内（今河南省焦作市）沁阳，出生于郑州荥阳。他擅长诗歌写作，骈文文学价值也很高，是晚唐最出色的诗人之一，和杜牧合称“小李杜”，与温庭筠合称为“温李”，因诗文与同时期的段成式、温庭筠风格相近，且三人都在家族里排行第十六，故并称为“三十六体”。其诗构思新奇，风格秾丽，尤其是一些爱情诗和无题诗写得缠绵悱恻，优美动人，广为传诵。但部分诗歌过于隐晦迷离，难于索解，至有“诗家总爱西昆好，独恨无人作郑笺”之说。因处于牛李党争的夹缝之中，一生很不得志。死后葬于家乡沁阳（今河南焦作市沁阳与博爱县交界之处）。作品收录为《李义山诗集》。
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