送陵州路使君赴任
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唐代]:杜甫
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王室比多难,高官皆武臣。
幽燕通使者,岳牧用词人。
国待贤良急,君当拔擢新。
佩刀成气象,行盖出风尘。
战伐乾坤破,疮痍府库贫。
众寮宜洁白,万役但平均!
霄汉瞻佳士,泥涂任此身。
秋天正摇落,回首大江滨!
送陵州路使君赴任译文及注释
译文
朝廷近来困难很多,高官都由武官出任。
战乱已平形势很好,州郡长官多用文人。
国家急需贤良之才,你就首批得到提升。
你的才干气度不凡,驱车赴任路途艰辛。
连年战争国家破败,人民困苦府库赤贫。
大家做官应该廉洁,各种徭役都要平均。
看你扶摇青云直上,我在草野任度平生。
秋天草木凋残零落,记住江边送别之情。
注释
路使君:东汉称太守为使君,在唐代就是刺史。
王室:朝廷,指国家。比:近来。多难:安史之乱。
幽燕:指古幽州、燕国一带,即今河北省北部,这里曾是安史叛军的老巢。通使者:朝廷使命能够通行。
岳牧:泛称封疆大吏。相传尧、舜时期分了四岳十二牧的官职,后来泛指州郡官为岳牧。词人:文人,这里专指路使君。
拔擢(zhuó):选拔提升。
佩刀:《晋书·王祥传》:“吕虔有佩刀,工相之,以为必登三公,可服此刀。虔谓祥曰:“苟非其人,刀或为害。聊有公辅之量,故可相与。”吕虔时为徐州刺史,这里用其事,意在暗点路使君的郡守身份及威仪。
行盖:车盖。出风尘:谓蜀乱频仍,风尘未息,其赴任将出入风尘之间。
疮痍(chuāng yí):民生凋敝。
寮(liáo):同僚。洁白:廉洁清白。“万役”句:谓劳役、军役等,必须公正持平,勿畏豪强。
霄(xiāo)汉:谓高空。霄:云霄。汉:天河。此句喻路使君之升腾。
泥涂:犹言草野,比喻低下的地位,诗人以此自指。
摇落:凋残,零落。
大江:此指梓州涪江。
参考资料:
1、(唐)杜甫著.杜甫诗集 插图本 增订版:凤凰出版社,2013.07:第167页
2、萧枫,桑希臣编.唐诗宋词元曲 一:线装书局,2002.01:第410页
3、彭诗琅主编.《杜甫集 李煜集》:中国戏剧出版社,2002.3:第96页
4、张学文.唐代送别诗名篇译赏:重庆出版社,1988年11月第1版:第129页-第130页
送陵州路使君赴任创作背景
这首诗作于唐代宗广德元年(763)秋,时杜甫在阆州(今四川阆中县)。诗中叙述了简用文人的理由,并鼓舞路使君能够锐意进取,坚持清白的操守,魏国为民,匡扶天下。
参考资料:
1、山东大学中文系 古典文学教研室选注.杜甫诗选:人民文学出版社,1980年08月北京第1版:第211页
送陵州路使君赴任鉴赏
诗的前四句写国家近来经常发生战乱,朝廷着急赏功平乱,因此武将多在高位,当时的地方长官也多是由武将担任。如今安史之乱已平,因此朝廷开始简用文人,意在提醒路使君重视这一次的简用。
接下来两句说现在国家急需贤能的良臣,你应该很快被提拔的。朝廷由武臣兼领到简用词人,这是一个新的转变,因此说“新”。这两句写得冠冕、大气,意在鼓舞路使君,为其行壮色。因为当时文人多不敢领郡,所以杜甫有“领郡辄无色”的话。这句是用古人期待路使君。下两句写战祸的惨烈后,说明官府对百姓的剥削。接下来四句承上句,说官吏应该廉洁,百姓也不要惧怕豪强,只要你能做一个被人敬仰的刺史,我即便穷途潦倒也没有关系。
诗的最后两句点明送别的时间和地点,在秋天的大江畔。这个场景别有深意,一方面,诗人希望路使君能够听从自己的劝谏,做一个为国为民的廉吏;另一方面,也表现了诗人对国事的担忧,“回首大江”这个场景极具感染力。【6】
杜甫赠人之作,对于“为民上者”都各有殷切的期望,归结于爱国爱民。在送路使君之前一年,送严武入朝有诗,其结句云:“公若登台辅,临危莫爱身”。直以大义相要。王嗣奭云:“公与严公交契厚矣,十韵不及私情,而结以‘临危莫爱身’,道义之交如此。”在送路使君后,赠王契侍御也有诗,长达四十韵,有句云:“要闻除猰㺄,休作画麒麟。”《镜铨》注云:“上句勉其立功,下句戒其尸位。”又送高常侍云:“今日朝廷须汲黯”。汲黯乃汉武帝时直臣,汉武帝称之为“社稷之臣”。杜公深感自己生平的政治理想和抱负未能实现,惟有寄希望于国之重臣以及地方官吏。故每当送人入朝或赴任时,无论亲疏,总是或显或隐、或直或婉地通过所赠诗篇而致其恳切期望之至意。故读送路使君诗而联想及诗人在蜀中的其他赠送之作,就可以明白诗人其爱国爱民的一片苦心了。
篇末两联,自是谦己而尊人,感物而寓意。“霄汉瞻佳士,泥涂任此身”。身在泥涂,哪还有什么作为,“诗酒尚堪驱使在”,也只有任运而行;瞻佳士于霄汉,或当大有作为,也可引以自慰了。“秋天正摇落,回首大江滨”。点出了季节和地方,感慨万端,馀情不尽,托情于景,以景写心,尺幅中有千里之势,篇终接混茫,读者当于反复咏诵之中有所自得。此诗首四句起,末四句结,中间八句为腹心,“众寮宜洁白”一联,尤为重要。此诗结构谨严,语言质朴,对仗精工,而内涵力量甚大,境界很高,气浑旨深。
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李白《
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杜甫简介
唐代·杜甫的简介
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杜甫(712-770),字子美,自号少陵野老,世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等,汉族,河南府巩县(今河南省巩义市)人,唐代伟大的现实主义诗人,杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”,其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”,为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来,杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民,人格高尚,他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来,诗艺精湛,在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇,影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都,后世有杜甫草堂纪念。
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宋代:
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范纯仁
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碧落无云玉鉴飞,净中毫发了能窥。光随酒蚁斟银榼,彩莹歌人发瓠犀。
露重已从巾角垫,轮倾欲把斗杓携。醉狂直好探蟾窟,安得陵空万仞梯。
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偶成
Warning: Use of undefined constant tname - assumed 'tname' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /www/wwwroot/www.zenzhu.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext10.php on line 280
明代:
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贺钦
Warning: Use of undefined constant smalltext - assumed 'smalltext' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in /www/wwwroot/www.zenzhu.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext10.php on line 299
年老睡还少,夜长醒更多。土床烟火足,趺坐默吟哦。