落齿
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唐代]:韩愈
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去年落一牙,今年落一齿。
俄然落六七,落势殊未已。
馀存皆动摇,尽落应始止。
忆初落一时,但念豁可耻。
及至落二三,始忧衰即死。
每一将落时,懔懔恒在己。
叉牙妨食物,颠倒怯漱水。
终焉舍我落,意与崩山比。
今来落既熟,见落空相似。
馀存二十馀,次第知落矣。
倘常岁一落,自足支两纪。
如其落并空,与渐亦同指。
人言齿之落,寿命理难恃。
我言生有涯,长短俱死尔。
人言齿之豁,左右惊谛视。
我言庄周云,木雁各有喜。
语讹默固好,嚼废软还美。
因歌遂成诗,时用诧妻子。
落齿译文及注释
译文
从去年开始落一个牙齿,今年又落了一个。
不久便连续落了六七个,看来落势还不会停止。
留存着的牙齿都在动摇了,看来总要到落尽才完结。
想当初落下第一个牙齿时,只觉得口中有了缺缝,怪羞人的。
及至后来又落下两三个,才耽忧年寿衰老,恐怕快死了。
因此,每一颗牙齿将落的时候,常觉得中心懔懔。
歪斜颠倒,既妨碍咬嚼,又不敢用水漱口。
可是它终究还是舍弃我而落下了,这时我的情绪好比崩塌了一座山似的。
近来已经对于落掉牙齿习熟了,落一个,也不过和上一个差不多。
现在还留馀二十多个,也有了思想准备,知道它们会得一个一个地落掉。
如果经常是每年落一个,那么还可以支持二十年。
如果一下子全部落光,那么,和慢慢地落光也是一样。
有人说,牙齿在掉了,看来生命也靠不住了。
我说人生总有一个尽头,寿长寿短,同样得死。
有人说,牙齿落空了,左右的人看了也会吃惊。
我说庄子有山木和鸣雁的比喻,我的牙齿落光了,说不定也是喜事。
说话多误,那么就经常缄默也好,不能咬嚼,那么就专吃软的东西,也同样味美。
因为歌咏落齿,就写成了这首诗,常常用它来给老妻和孩子们读读,让他们惊笑。
注释
齿:《六书故》:“齿当唇,牙当车。”口中两颊生的齿叫牙,俗称大牙。前近唇者称齿。诗中牙齿互文,无别。
俄然:突然间,形容时间短。
落势:牙齿脱落的势头。
殊未已:还没有停止。
尽落:落尽,掉完。
始止:才停止。
落一时:掉第一颗牙时。
但念豁(huō)可耻:只觉得豁牙难看。韩愈《送侯参谋赴河中幕》诗云:“我齿豁可鄙。”意同。
始忧衰即死:才担心因衰老快要死了。
懔懔(lǐn):畏惧的样子。
恒在己:自己经常处于这种畏惧状态。
叉牙:与“权桠”义同。即参差不齐。
颠倒:横竖,即横竖都不舒服。
怯(qiè)漱水:怕用水漱口。
终焉舍我落,意与崩山比:最后牙齿离开我脱落寸,像山崩一样快。形容牙掉的突然。
熟:习以为常。
次第:一个接着一个。
倘(tǎng):假如。
两纪:一纪十二载,两纪二十四年。
指:同惰,当意向或意思差不多讲。
恃:维持、凭借。
生有涯:《庄子·养生主》:“吾生也有涯,而知也无涯。”
长短俱死:王羲之《兰亭集序》云:“况修短随化,终期于尽。”
左右:左右的人。
谛(dì)视:仔细看。
庄周:名周,人称庄子,战国时宋国蒙(今河南商丘)人,曾为漆国吏。
各有喜:指主人对木与雁的态度,大木、鸣雁等各得其所,比喻有牙无牙各有各的好处。
语讹(é):语音不清。
嚼:能嚼食的牙齿。
软:柔软的舌。
诧:夸耀。
参考资料:
1、张清华主编.韩愈诗文评注:中州古籍出版社,1991年08月:534
落齿创作背景
贞元十八年(802年)韩愈《与崔群书》云:“近者尤衰惫,左车第二牙无故动摇脱去。”令据此诗曰:“去年落一牙,今年落一齿。”推断诗当写于贞元十九年(803年),公三十九岁。
参考资料:
1、张清华主编.韩愈诗文评注:中州古籍出版社,1991年08月:534
落齿鉴赏
这首诗完全不用一般人所熟习的诗的修辞。除了押韵和五言句这两个诗的特征之外,可以说全是散文的表现法。因此,讲这首诗一点也不费力,思想段落仍是四句一绝,我们现在把它译成散文:第一绝说:从去年开始落一个牙齿,今年又落了一个,不久便连续落了六七个,看来落势还不会停止。牙与齿虽然有一点区别,但这里是互文同义。第二绝和第三绝说:“留存着的牙齿都在动摇了,看来总要到落尽才完结,想当初落下第一个牙齿时,只觉得口中有了缺缝,怪羞人的。及至后来又落下两三个,才耽忧年寿衰老,恐怕快死了。因此,每一颗牙齿将落的时候,常觉得中心懔懔。第四绝描写将落的牙齿。歪斜颠倒,既妨碍咬嚼,又不敢用水漱口,可是它终究还是舍弃我而落下了。这时我的情绪好比崩塌了一座山似的。“叉牙”是个连绵词,歪斜旁出之意,是状词,不是名词。第五绝和第六绝叙述习惯于落齿的心理状态。近来已经对于落掉牙齿习熟了,落一个,也不过和上一个差不多,现在还留馀二十多个,也有了思想准备,知道它们会得一个一个地落掉。如果经常是每年落一个,那么还可以支持二十年。如果一下子全部落光,那么,和慢慢地落光也是一样。第七绝说:有人说,牙齿在掉了,看来生命也靠不住了。我说:人生总有一个尽头,寿长寿短,同样得死。第八绝说:有人说:牙齿落空了,左右的人看了也会吃惊。我说:庄子有山木和鸣雁的比喻,山木因不中用,故得尽其天年;雁因为能鸣,故得免于被杀,可知有才与无才,各有好处。我的牙齿落光了,说不定也是喜事。第九绝说:落了牙齿,说话多误,那么就经常缄默也好。没有牙齿,不能咬嚼,那么就专吃软的东西,也同样味美。最后两句是结束:因为歌咏落齿,就写成了这首诗,常常用它来给老妻和孩子们读读,让他们惊笑。
全诗只用了一个《庄子·山木篇》里的典故,此外没有必须注释才能懂的辞句,我们演译为散文,宛然是一篇很有趣味的小品文。牙齿一颗一颗地落掉,是每一个渐入老年的人都会遇到的事。作者就利用这一件平常的事,描写他每一个阶段的思想情绪。从紧张到旷达,从忧衰惧死到乐天知命,整个过程,反映了作者对人生的态度,是从执着到自然,基本上还是老庄思想。但是从另外一个角度来体会,也可以说,作者不因落齿而消沉,对人生的态度,仍然是积极的。
这样的题材;这样的表现方法,在初、盛唐诗中,确是不曾有过。因此,韩愈的诗和文,在同时代人的心目中,都被认为是一种怪诞的文学。他的门人李汉在《昌黎先生集》的序文中说:“时人始而惊,中而笑且排。”这是记录了当时人对韩愈的态度:始而惊讶,继而讥笑,最后便大施攻击。但韩愈并不动摇,他坚守他的原则:第一,不用陈辞滥调。第二,有独创的风格。他说:“若皆与世浮沉,不自树立,虽不为当时所怪,亦必无后世之传也。”这是说:如果跟着一般人的路走,而没有独创的风格,在当时虽然不被人排斥为怪,可是也必不能流传到后世。从此也可以了解,韩愈自己很清楚地知道他的文艺创作,不是迎合当世,而是有意于影响后世的。用我们今天的话来说,他的创作是为将来的。
韩愈所倡导的古文运动,是在复古的口号下实现革新的目的,所以他的第一个原则是“师古”,要向古圣贤人学习。他说:要学习古人的意,而不是学习古人的文辞。“师其意,不师其辞。”就是“务去陈言”和“能自树立”。他的散文,以“司马相如、太史公、刘向、扬雄”为师,就是学习他们的创作方法。同样,他的一部分诗,虽然当时人以为怪,其实也还是远远地继承了汉魏五古诗的传统,或者还可以迟到陶渊明。从陶渊明以后,这种素朴的说理诗几乎绝迹了三四百年,人们早已忘记了古诗的传统,因而见到韩愈这一类诗,就斥为怪体了。
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刘禹锡《
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与歌者何戡》
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白居易《
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紫薇花》
韩愈简介
唐代·韩愈的简介
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韩愈(768~824)字退之,唐代文学家、哲学家、思想家,河阳(今河南省焦作孟州市)人,汉族。祖籍河北昌黎,世称韩昌黎。晚年任吏部侍郎,又称韩吏部。谥号“文”,又称韩文公。他与柳宗元同为唐代古文运动的倡导者,主张学习先秦两汉的散文语言,破骈为散,扩大文言文的表达功能。宋代苏轼称他“文起八代之衰”,明人推他为唐宋八大家之首,与柳宗元并称“韩柳”,有“文章巨公”和“百代文宗”之名,作品都收在《昌黎先生集》里。韩愈在思想上是中国“道统”观念的确立者,是尊儒反佛的里程碑式人物。
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十一月二十二日朝辞
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宋代:
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李复
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朝辞承明殿,暮下金马门。
伏读明诏意,仰思圣主恩。
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题舒溪渔隐卷二首 其二
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明代:
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张弼
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春水桃花双鲤鱼,老姜新酒付行厨。丁宁童子休轻剖,甫里先生恐寄书。
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揭阳林虞笙孝廉
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清代:
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丘逢甲
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百砚斋中十二方,买从京口压归航。汉碑周鼓留残篆,珍重流传古揭阳。
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酬沈先辈卷
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唐代:
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归仁
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一百八十首,清泠韵可敲。任从人不爱,终是我难抛。
桂魄吟来满,蒲团坐得凹。先生声价在,寰宇几人抄。
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祖师地种花及总颂四首 其四 总
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:
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释清远
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五叶花开后,山长水更深。乱云横谷口,游子谩追寻。