自洛之越
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唐代]:孟浩然
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遑遑三十载,书剑两无成。
山水寻吴越,风尘厌洛京。
扁舟泛湖海,长揖谢公卿。
且乐杯中物,谁论世上名。
自洛之越译文及注释
译文
栖栖遑遑三十年,文名武功两个都没有有所成就。
去吴越寻觅山水,厌倦洛阳京都满眼的风尘。
乘一叶小舟去泛游镜湖,向谢灵运致敬作个长揖。
姑且享受杯中美酒,为什么要计较世上功名?
注释
自洛之越:洛,今河南省洛阳市。之,往,到。越,今浙江地区,春秋时越国所在地。
遑遑(huáng):忙碌的样子。出自《列子》“遑遑尔竞一时之虚荣”。
吴越:今江苏、浙江地区,是古代吴国和越国所在地。
风尘:比喻世俗的纷扰。洛京:又称京洛,指洛阳,是唐朝东都。
扁(piān)舟:小舟。
长揖(yī):古人拱手为礼称揖,作揖时手自上至极下称长揖。“长揖谢公卿”是委婉表示自己不屈服于权贵。
杯中物:指酒。借用陶渊明《责子诗》中“且进杯中物”句意。
谁:何,哪。这里的用法与指人的“谁”不同。
论:计较。
参考资料:
1、王亚玲主编.中华诗词实用大百科:长春出版社,1995年01月第1版:第1350页
自洛之越创作背景
孟浩然四十岁到长安考科举,但是没有考取到功名,大约在公元728年(开元十六年)到东都洛阳游览。在洛阳滞留了半年多,次年秋,从洛阳动身漫游吴越(今江苏浙江一带)。这首诗就作于诗人从洛阳往游吴越前夕,故诗题作“自洛之越”。
自洛之越鉴赏
诗头两句回顾自己的过去。“遑遑三十载”,诗人此时四十一岁,自发蒙读书到举成数为三十载。“书剑两无成”,诗中用以自况,说自己三十多年辛辛苦苦地读书,结果一事无成,实是愤激之语。
“山水寻吴越,风尘厌洛京”,两句前后倒装,每句句中又倒装。本来是因为“厌洛京风尘”,所以“寻吴越山水”。一倒装,诗句顿时劲健,符合格律,富于表现力。一个“厌”字,形象地表现出诗人旅居长安洛阳的厌烦心绪。诗人在长安是求仕,从他在洛阳与公卿的交往看,仍在继续谋求出仕。但是,半年多的奔走毫无结果,以致诗人终于厌烦,想到吴越寻山问水,洗除胸中的郁闷。“扁舟泛湖海”是“山水寻吴越”路线的具体化。
诗人乘船从洛阳出发,经汴河而入运河,经运河达于杭州(越中)。诗人计划要游太湖,泛海游永嘉(今浙江温州),因此湖海并没有叙述过多。公卿,指达官显贵。古代百姓见公卿要行叩拜的大礼,而诗人告别他们却用平辈交往的礼节——长揖,作个大揖,表现出诗人平交王侯的气概。诗人“长揖谢公卿”表现的是他一生为人傲岸。诗人并不因为求仕失意,就向公卿摇尾乞怜,因此李白说他“高山安可仰,徒此揖清芬”(《赠孟浩然》)。
“且乐杯中物”是借用陶渊明的《责子诗》“天运苟如此,且进杯中物”。末尾两句暗用张翰的话:“使我有身后名,不如即时一杯酒。”(《晋书·文苑·张翰传》)大意说:“我且喝酒乐我的,管他什么名不名。这也是愤激之辞。诗人素有强烈的功名心,希望像鸿鹄那样搏击长空,一展宏图。但是,怀才不遇,不被赏识,报国无门,只好去游山玩水。
这首诗词诗人原本满腹牢骚,但表达时处处自怨自艾,而流落不偶的遭际却不言自明。中间两联扣题,实写自洛赴越,把洛阳与吴越联系起来。中间两联意思连接很紧,首尾跳跃很大。首联总结自己勤勉失意的一生,尾联表明自己对人生的态度。诗人辞别洛阳前往吴越,目的纯粹是为了去寻求名山佳水,想在自然山水中忘掉世俗,找到归宿。孟浩然虽然一生布衣,但心中进与退、仕与隐的矛盾一直存在,并且延续到晚年。但这首诗却干净利落地摈弃尘俗,不论功名,是他特定时期真实心情的写照。
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柳宗元《
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吴伟业《
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过吴江有感》
孟浩然简介
唐代·孟浩然的简介
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孟浩然(689-740),男,汉族,唐代诗人。本名不详(一说名浩),字浩然,襄州襄阳(今湖北襄阳)人,世称“孟襄阳”。浩然,少好节义,喜济人患难,工于诗。年四十游京师,唐玄宗诏咏其诗,至“不才明主弃”之语,玄宗谓:“卿自不求仕,朕未尝弃卿,奈何诬我?”因放还未仕,后隐居鹿门山,著诗二百余首。孟浩然与另一位山水田园诗人王维合称为“王孟”。
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