谏院题名记
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宋代]：司马光
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古者谏无官，自公卿大夫，至於工商，无不得谏者。汉兴以来，始置官。
夫以天下之政，四海之众，得失利病，萃於一官使言之，其为任亦重矣。居是官者，常志其大，舍其细；先其急，后其缓；专利国家而不为身谋。彼汲汲於名者，犹汲汲於利也，其间相去何远哉！
天禧初，真宗诏置谏官六员，责其职事。庆历中，钱君始书其名於版，光恐久而漫灭。嘉祐八年，刻於石。后之人将历指其名而议之曰：“某也忠，某也诈，某也直，某也曲。”呜呼！可不惧哉！
谏院题名记译文及注释
译文
在古代没有专门来规劝君王的官职，从官居高位的公卿大夫到市井百姓从事手工业和从商的人，都可以规劝君王。（等到）汉朝兴盛开始，才有了谏官的称号。
将天下所有的政事，四海之内的百姓，国家社稷的得与失，优势和弊病，都交萃于谏官身上，让他正确地将一切说出来。（谏官）的责任相当重啊！要当好一个谏官，（应当）注意重要的方面，舍弃细微的地方；把情况紧急的事放在前面，把不要紧的事放在后面；只为国家作贡献而不要将自己放在国家前面。那些在名声方面急切的人，一定会在利益方面贪图。（如果这样成为一个谏官的话）那其中的差距又相差多远呢？
天禧初年的时候，真宗下诏设立谏官六名，来监督皇帝的行为。庆历中的时候，钱君开始将谏官的名字书写在专门的文书上，我恐怕日子长了名字会磨灭掉。（于是）在嘉祐八年时，将谏官的名字刻在石头上。（这样）以后的人就可以逐个对着名字议论道：“这个人是忠臣，这个人是奸臣，这个人正直，这个人偏邪。”哎，真是令人警戒啊！
注释
（1）天禧：宋真宗（赵恒）年号。
（2）庆历：宋仁宗（赵祯）年号。
谏院题名记鉴赏
本文论述了谏官的职责与重要性。作者认为向皇帝进谏是很重要的事情，所以要设立谏官。因为谏官的责任重大，为此官者必须谨慎和忠诚，还要将谏官的名字刻在石上让当时和后来的人监督。
体现了作者敢于直谏，不阿谀奉承；举忠斥奸，不为身谋的精神。在《谏院题名记》中，他要求做谏官的“当志其大，舍其细，先其急，后其缓；专利国家，而不为身谋。彼汲吁名者，犹汲吁利也。其间相去何远哉！”他曾经说自己平生所作所为，没有一件事是不能对人讲的。他廉洁奉公、以节俭为乐的品德更是一直被众传颂。
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谷梁赤《
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郑伯克段于鄢》
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司马迁《
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孔子世家赞》
司马光简介
唐代·司马光的简介
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司马光（1019年11月17日－1086年），字君实，号迂叟，陕州夏县（今山西夏县）涑水乡人，《宋史》，《辞海》等明确记载，世称涑水先生。生于河南省信阳市光山县。北宋史学家、文学家。历仕仁宗、英宗、神宗、哲宗四朝，卒赠太师、温国公，谥文正，主持编纂了中国历史上第一部编年体通史《资治通鉴》，为人温良谦恭、刚正不阿，其人格堪称儒学教化下的典范，历来受人景仰。生平著作甚多，主要有史学巨著《资治通鉴》、《温国文正司马公文集》、《稽古录》、《涑水记闻》、《潜虚》等。
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