咏史
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清代]：龚自珍
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金粉东南十五州，万重恩怨属名流。
牢盆狎客操全算，团扇才人踞上游。
避席畏闻文字狱，著书都为稻粱谋。
田横五百人安在，难道归来尽列侯？
咏史译文及注释
译文
在那繁华绮丽的江南富庶之地，无限的恩宠和肆意报怨齐集于名流士林。
权贵、幕僚把持着全部大权，内宫佞臣窃据了朝廷要津。
书生离席畏惧文字狱，著作只为谋食保安宁。
田横壮士今在何处？难道都已封官拜爵、归顺大汉朝廷？
注释
金粉：古代妇女化妆用的铅粉。这里指景象繁华。十五州：泛指长江下游地区。
“万重”句：指“名流”在声色和名利场中彼此猜忌争夺，恩怨重重。恩怨：指情侣夫妻间的恩爱悲怨之情。属（zhǔ）：表结交。名流：知名之士。这里指当时社会上沽名钓誉的头面人物。
“牢盆”两句：意谓在盐商家帮闲的清客和那些轻薄文人得操胜算，全很得意。牢盆：古代煮盐器具。这里借指盐商。狎（xiá）客：权贵豪富豢养的亲近的清客。团扇：圆扇，古代宫妃、歌妓常手执白绢团扇。才人：宫中女官。团扇才人：是对轻薄文人的贬称。踞上游：指占居高位。
避席：古人席地而坐，为表示恭敬或畏惧离席而起。文字狱：指清统治者迫害知识分子的一种冤狱，故意在作者诗文中摘取字句，罗织成罪。康熙、雍正、乾隆几代文字狱尤为厉害。
为稻粱谋：为生活打算。杜甫《同诸公登慈恩寺塔》：“君看随阳雁，各为稻粱谋。”原指鸟类寻觅食物，转指人们为衣食奔走。
列侯：爵位名。汉制，王子封侯，称诸侯；异姓功臣受封，称列侯。
参考资料：
1、姚电，康丽云，胡毓智．大学国文：北京理工大学出版社，2008：第120页
2、朱邦蔚，关道雄．古代文史名著选译丛书 龚自珍诗文选译 修订版：凤凰出版社，2011：第145页
咏史创作背景
这首诗作于道光五年（1825年）十二月，作者客居昆山时所作。作者当时因母丧离官后寓居昆山，目睹东南富庶地区，治黑暗，而不少知识分子在清廷高压政策的钳制和恐怖下，又养成了苟安自保的风习；所谓“名流”，热衷于勾心斗角，争名逐利。作者在诗中对此表达了他的愤慨和讽刺。
参考资料：
1、吴跃平，晏培玉．大学语文 第2版：重庆大学出版社，2006：第151页
咏史鉴赏
题为《咏史》，实则伤时，感慨当时江南名士慑服于清王朝的残酷统治、庸俗苟安之状。他们或依附权门，窃踞要职，或明哲保身，埋头著书。结句才接触史事，以田横抗汉的故事，揭穿清王朝以名利诱骗知识分子的用心。借古讽今，含意深邃，深刻而又辛辣地把对“名流”的揭露提高到对清王朝统治的批判上，鞭挞了当时整个现实社会的腐朽没落。
首联写在繁华的东南地区，那些依附权贵、沽名钓誉的所谓“名流”，都是从个人利害出发互相勾结和倾轧，造成了无穷无尽的恩怨，把这个地区搞得乌烟瘴气。作者客居昆山，俯仰东南士风，感慨颇多，所以在诗中着重讽刺了江南一带“社会名流”争名逐利的卑劣品行以及官场为小人所把持的现状。
颔联中说“名流”中之官场，既有手柄大权、铜气熏天之“牢盆狎客”，亦多团扇麈尾、高谈阔论而百无一能之贵介子弟，那些在盐商家帮闲的清客和那些轻薄文人——即所谓的“名流”，在当时的社会操纵全局、窃据高位。诗句中虽未具体揭示“名流”们祸国殃民的罪恶，也没直接描写老百姓遭受欺压的苦难；但整个社会被这样一批狐群狗党所统治，不难想见这表面上繁华绮丽的金粉世界是怎样的乌烟瘴气，二者共同酿就的恶浊之风深为作者所厌憎。一“操”字、一“踞”字本无褒贬，此处却写得极富动感、极冷峻，鞭挞之意鲜明自见。
颈联反映了士人在文字狱高压政策下的处境和苟安态度。诗句中既表现了诗人对清政府利用文字狱镇压士人的愤恨，也对那些不顾国家利益、只醉心于个人名利的士人表示了不满和慨叹，对现实的另一端、与官场相对照的“士林”心态予以揭皮见骨的描摹，痛下针砭。表示了作者对高压下的知识群体的柔媚、怯懦充满愤懑与同情，从而引出结尾两句。
尾联作者锋芒所向是玩弄士人于股掌之间的最高统治层。从刘邦假惺惺的不可能兑现的封侯许诺，到李世民“天下英雄入我彀中矣”的洋洋得意，再到朱元璋“寰中士夫不为君用”即“自外其教”，应“诛其身而没其家”的酷法，再到清初以来不绝如缕的文字狱案，谙熟史事的龚自珍深悉底里，于是借田横的故事告诫世人不要轻信清政府的怀柔政策。借这一历史故事，揭露了清政府对士人采取的思想压制和笼络政策的欺骗性。他们才是造就这些“黑幕”的总后台。作者真正可贵的思考蕴藏在最后这一问中。
这首诗的特点在于一是表现为吟咏历史与讽喻现实的统一；二是表现为政治思想与艺术概括的统一；三是全诗层次清晰，笔锋犀利，用典贴切，叙议结合，增强了诗歌的现实性和批判性。造语凝重端方，属对严谨工整，音调铿锵悦耳，读来有骨力铮铮之感，增强了诗歌的韵律美和音乐美。
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陶渊明《
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咏荆轲》
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左思《
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咏史·郁郁涧底松》
龚自珍简介
唐代·龚自珍的简介
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龚自珍（1792年8月22日～1841年9月26日）清代思想家、文学家及改良主义的先驱者。27岁中举人，38岁中进士。曾任内阁中书、宗人府主事和礼部主事等官职。主张革除弊政，抵制外国侵略，曾全力支持林则徐禁除鸦片。48岁辞官南归，次年暴卒于江苏丹阳云阳书院。他的诗文主张“更法”、“改图”，揭露清统治者的腐朽，洋溢着爱国热情，被柳亚子誉为“三百年来第一流”。著有《定庵文集》，留存文章300余篇，诗词近800首，今人辑为《龚自珍全集》。著名诗作《己亥杂诗》共315首。
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我已江南游倦，不堪听管弦。又画阁、软舞娇歌，兰陵酒、浅泛金船。
白头梨园子弟，初相见、记在天宝前。自翠华、迤逦西巡，霓裳曲、往往传世间。
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石桥接待
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宋代：
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施枢
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手笔华严梵笈新，更开宝地接迷津。
一声金磬人初静，月照空山草自春。