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《国风·鄘风·相鼠》原文及意思全解_佚名作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/www.zenzhu.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext10.php</b> on line <b>26</b><br /> 怎祝网
首页 > 诗文 > 佚名的诗 > 国风·鄘风·相鼠

国风·鄘风·相鼠

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两汉
]:佚名


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相鼠有皮,人而无仪!人而无仪,不死何为?

相鼠有齿,人而无止!人而无止,不死何俟?

相鼠有体,人而无礼,人而无礼!胡不遄死?

国风·鄘风·相鼠译文及注释

译文

你看这黄鼠还有皮,人咋会不要脸面。人若不要脸面,还不如死了算啦。

你看这黄鼠还有牙齿,人却不顾德行。人要没有德行,不去死还等什么。

你看这黄鼠还有肢体,人却不知礼义。人要不知礼义,还不如快快死去。

注释

相:视也。

仪:威仪,指人的举止作风大方正派而言,具有尊严的行为外表。一说为“礼仪”。

何为:为何,为什么。

止:假借为“耻”,郑笺释为“容止”,也可通。

俟:等。“不死何俟”为“俟何”宾语前置。

体:肢体。

礼:礼仪,指知礼仪,或指有教养。

胡:何,为何,为什么,怎么。遄(chuán):快,速速,赶快。

参考资料:

1、姜亮夫 等.先秦诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1998:101-102

2、雷抒雁.相鼠:圣人之师——读《诗经·鄘风·相鼠》[J].诗刊,2010,06

国风·鄘风·相鼠创作背景

  这是一首讽刺诗,其讽刺的对象,说法不一。前人对这个问题大致上有二说:《毛诗序》以为是刺在位者无礼仪,郑笺从之;《鲁诗》则认为是妻谏夫,班固《白虎通义·谏诤篇》承此说。

参考资料:

1、王秀梅 译注.诗经(上):国风.北京:中华书局,2015:103-104

2、姜亮夫 等.先秦诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1998:101-102

国风·鄘风·相鼠鉴赏

  《相鼠》大约是《诗经》里骂人最露骨、最直接、最解恨的一首。汉儒们“嫌于虐且俚矣!”意思是最粗鄙的语言暴力,是《诗》“三百篇所仅有”。但对此诗咒骂的对象,说法不一。前人对这个问题大致上有二说:《毛诗序》以为是刺在位者无礼仪,郑笺从之;《鲁诗》则认为是妻谏夫,班固承此说。后一说虽然有何楷、魏源、陈延杰诸家的阐发,但究竟由于所申述的内容与此诗所显露的深恶痛绝的情感不吻合,故为大多数说诗者所不取,而从毛序郑笺之说。

  《诗经》中写到“鼠”的有五首(《雨无正》“鼠思泣血”之鼠通癙,未计),除此诗外,其他四首都是直接把鼠作为痛斥或驱赶的对象,确实“老鼠过街,人人喊打”,自古而然。而此诗却有所不同,偏偏选中丑陋、狡黠、偷窃成性的老鼠与卫国“在位者”作对比,公然判定那些长着人形而寡廉鲜耻的在位者连老鼠也不如,诗人不仅痛斥,而且还要他们早早死去,以免玷污“人”这个崇高的字眼。至于所刺的“在位者”是谁,所刺何事,虽曾有过多种说法,但已无法考实,翻开卫国的史册,在位者卑鄙龌龊的勾当太多,如州吁弑兄桓公自立为卫君;宣公强娶太子伋未婚妻为妇;宣公与宣姜合谋杀太子伋;惠公与兄黔牟为争位而开战;懿公好鹤淫乐奢侈;昭伯与后母宣姜乱伦;等等。父子反目,兄弟争立,父淫子妻,子奸父妾,没有一件不是丑恶之极、无耻之尤。这些在位者确实禽兽不如,禽兽尚且恋群,而他们却是骨肉相残。此篇诗人咬牙切齿,是有感而发。

  此篇三章重叠,以鼠起兴,反覆类比,意思并列,但各有侧重,第一章“无仪”,指外表;第二章“无止(耻)”,指内心;第三章“无礼”,指行为。三章诗重章互足,合起来才是一个完整的意思,这是《诗经》重章的一种类型。此诗尽情怒斥,通篇感情强烈,语言尖刻;每章四句皆押韵,并且二、三句重复,末句又反诘进逼,既一气贯注,又回流激荡,增强了讽刺的力量与风趣。


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佚名《
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伐檀》


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佚名《
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采薇》

佚名简介

唐代·佚名的简介


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