国风·鄘风·相鼠
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两汉]：佚名
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相鼠有皮，人而无仪！人而无仪，不死何为？
相鼠有齿，人而无止！人而无止，不死何俟？
相鼠有体，人而无礼，人而无礼！胡不遄死？
国风·鄘风·相鼠译文及注释
译文
你看这黄鼠还有皮，人咋会不要脸面。人若不要脸面，还不如死了算啦。
你看这黄鼠还有牙齿，人却不顾德行。人要没有德行，不去死还等什么。
你看这黄鼠还有肢体，人却不知礼义。人要不知礼义，还不如快快死去。
注释
相：视也。
仪：威仪，指人的举止作风大方正派而言，具有尊严的行为外表。一说为“礼仪”。
何为：为何，为什么。
止：假借为“耻”，郑笺释为“容止”，也可通。
俟：等。“不死何俟”为“俟何”宾语前置。
体：肢体。
礼：礼仪，指知礼仪，或指有教养。
胡：何，为何，为什么，怎么。遄（chuán）：快，速速，赶快。
参考资料：
1、姜亮夫 等．先秦诗鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1998：101-102
2、雷抒雁.相鼠:圣人之师——读《诗经·鄘风·相鼠》[J].诗刊,2010,06
国风·鄘风·相鼠创作背景
这是一首讽刺诗，其讽刺的对象，说法不一。前人对这个问题大致上有二说：《毛诗序》以为是刺在位者无礼仪，郑笺从之；《鲁诗》则认为是妻谏夫，班固《白虎通义·谏诤篇》承此说。
参考资料：
1、王秀梅 译注．诗经（上）：国风．北京：中华书局，2015：103-104
2、姜亮夫 等．先秦诗鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1998：101-102
国风·鄘风·相鼠鉴赏
《相鼠》大约是《诗经》里骂人最露骨、最直接、最解恨的一首。汉儒们“嫌于虐且俚矣！”意思是最粗鄙的语言暴力，是《诗》“三百篇所仅有”。但对此诗咒骂的对象，说法不一。前人对这个问题大致上有二说：《毛诗序》以为是刺在位者无礼仪，郑笺从之；《鲁诗》则认为是妻谏夫，班固承此说。后一说虽然有何楷、魏源、陈延杰诸家的阐发，但究竟由于所申述的内容与此诗所显露的深恶痛绝的情感不吻合，故为大多数说诗者所不取，而从毛序郑笺之说。
《诗经》中写到“鼠”的有五首（《雨无正》“鼠思泣血”之鼠通癙，未计），除此诗外，其他四首都是直接把鼠作为痛斥或驱赶的对象，确实“老鼠过街，人人喊打”，自古而然。而此诗却有所不同，偏偏选中丑陋、狡黠、偷窃成性的老鼠与卫国“在位者”作对比，公然判定那些长着人形而寡廉鲜耻的在位者连老鼠也不如，诗人不仅痛斥，而且还要他们早早死去，以免玷污“人”这个崇高的字眼。至于所刺的“在位者”是谁，所刺何事，虽曾有过多种说法，但已无法考实，翻开卫国的史册，在位者卑鄙龌龊的勾当太多，如州吁弑兄桓公自立为卫君；宣公强娶太子伋未婚妻为妇；宣公与宣姜合谋杀太子伋；惠公与兄黔牟为争位而开战；懿公好鹤淫乐奢侈；昭伯与后母宣姜乱伦；等等。父子反目，兄弟争立，父淫子妻，子奸父妾，没有一件不是丑恶之极、无耻之尤。这些在位者确实禽兽不如，禽兽尚且恋群，而他们却是骨肉相残。此篇诗人咬牙切齿，是有感而发。
此篇三章重叠，以鼠起兴，反覆类比，意思并列，但各有侧重，第一章“无仪”，指外表；第二章“无止（耻）”，指内心；第三章“无礼”，指行为。三章诗重章互足，合起来才是一个完整的意思，这是《诗经》重章的一种类型。此诗尽情怒斥，通篇感情强烈，语言尖刻；每章四句皆押韵，并且二、三句重复，末句又反诘进逼，既一气贯注，又回流激荡，增强了讽刺的力量与风趣。
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佚名《
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伐檀》
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佚名《
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采薇》
佚名简介
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