花鸭
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唐代]：杜甫
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花鸭无泥滓，阶前每缓行。
羽毛知独立，黑白太分明。
不觉群心妒，休牵众眼惊。
稻粱沾汝在，作意莫先鸣。
花鸭译文及注释
译文
花鸭身上清净无泥，常在阶前缓步而行。
它让羽毛不同于群鸭，黑白二色非常分明。
花鸭啊，你没觉到群心在忌妒么？不要惹得众眼受惊。
主人用稻粱喂养你，留心啊，千万不要先出声。
注释
花鸭：水禽。
泥滓（zǐ）：泥渣。
阶前：一作“中庭”。
牵：惹得。
稻粱：鸭饲料，比喻禄位。沾：沾受恩惠。
先鸣：比喻直言。
花鸭创作背景
这首诗作于唐代宗宝应元年（762）。唐肃宗乾元二年（759）十二月，他举家由陇入蜀。此间，杜甫在纵情领略自然、生命之美的同时，也对自己的人生遭遇进行冷静的反思。《江头五咏》便是诗人面对日常生活中熟知的动物、花草，睹物生情的即兴之作。《花鸭》便是其中最后一首。
参考资料：
1、邓魁英．杜甫诗选：南海出版公司，2005：156
2、周啸天．似花还似非花：凤凰出版社，2009：23
花鸭鉴赏
这首诗最大的特点就是借物说事，笔调轻松而情感含蓄蕴藉。
从诗题上看，这首诗似乎吟咏的是一只毛色不纯的鸭，但读罢全诗，就会明白这猜测是错误的。“花鸭无泥滓，阶前每缓行”，诗人明白提醒读者，江头所见的“花鸭”，羽毛洁净，不染泥滓，而且步态从容不迫。屋檐下的阶除大约是众鸭得食之所，诗人把花鸭放在这样的背景下来写，是为了收到一种对比的效果。众鸭竞食，花鸭却独自缓步于阶前。举止显得与众不同，花鸭不与众鸭争食，也许表现了它不愿同流合污的精神，这肯定会引起众鸭注目，并招来不测之灾。
“羽毛知独立，黑白太分明”仍是写诗人所见。原来“花鸭”毛色不杂，只有“黑”“白”二色，但这是富有象征意义的两种对比色。它正象征着花鸭，甚至也是诗人那“黑白分明、的处世态度。可见“花鸭”正是以其特殊的“花”才引起诗人注意、得到诗人赞赏的。这句诗中的“太”字也值得特别玩味，它至少含有两层意思：其一是赞赏花鸭立身行事，态度特别分明、不容丝毫苟且；其一是饱含着诗人对花鸭处世过于分明会导致祸患的深深忧虑。体会到这一点，在读到后面诗人直接出场呼劝花鸭的诗句时，才不会感到突然。
前一句仍是叙写，但已侧面展现了诗人焦躁和急切的情状，后一句则是直接呼劝了。“不觉”二字，表现出花鸭十分超然的精神，对众鸭的惊猜、嫉妒浑然不觉，或者竟是满不在乎。这是花鸭受诗人赏爱的一个原因，也是花鸭致祸的根源。花鸭自然不明其中的道理，但诗人却已有过类似的教训。回想当初疏救房琯那惨痛的一幕，正是与花鸭此时处境很相似。诗人由己及鸭，不由为花鸭的处境忧心忡忡。诗人动了感情，撇开鸭与人的界限，便要直接呼劝花鸭了。实际上，“不觉”一句已暗含了诗人的劝诫，联系后一句“休牵众眼惊”的明劝，这一句所暗谕的花鸭要“警觉”“群心妒”之意就容易理解了。
尾联“稻粱沾汝在，作意莫先鸣”，是进一层劝说。这两句的字面意思是：你花鸭既然沾受了主人的稻粱恩，就千万不要率先呜叫了，那样会触怒主人，失掉既得的稻粱恩的！但这两句诗还有更深的含义，可以把它看作是诗人反思自己沾受肃宗之恩作左拾遗，最后终因疏救房琯而遭斥一事而发的“自警”之语。杜甫这里的“莫先鸣”，其精义就是要处于“鸣”与不“先鸣”之间，不能不鸣，也不能先鸣。杜甫丢掉谏官，缘于先鸣。以后流离陇蜀，依人为生，不鸣则无从致“稻粱”；当然更不能先鸣，一旦先鸣，既沾之“稻粱”又会失去。杜甫这种患得患失的心理，通过提醒和劝诫花鸭而曲曲传出，读者自然能想象到杜甫当时处境之艰难。
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花影》
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吴文英《
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浣溪沙·题李中斋舟中梅屏》
杜甫简介
唐代·杜甫的简介
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杜甫（712－770），字子美，自号少陵野老，世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等，汉族，河南府巩县（今河南省巩义市）人，唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”，其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”，为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来，杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民，人格高尚，他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来，诗艺精湛，在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇，影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都，后世有杜甫草堂纪念。
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