南中咏雁诗
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唐代]:韦承庆
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南中咏雁诗译文及注释
译文
我被流放到万里之外、土地荒芜的南方,春暖花开之际,路途中看到大雁正朝北飞去。
不知道到哪年哪月,我才能与你们一道回到北方?
注释
南中:指岭南地区。《文选·孙楚〈为石仲容与孙皓书〉》:“南中吕兴,深睹天命,蝉蜕内向,愿为臣妾。”李善注引《吴志》:“交阯郡吏吕兴等杀太守孙谞,使使如魏。”
三春:夏之初,天气肃清,周览八隅。”汉班固《终南山赋》:“三春之季,孟夏之初,天气肃清,周览八隅。”
岁月:年月。泛指时间。《史记·淮南衡山列传》:“屈彊江淮闲,犹可得延岁月之寿。”
尔:你。一作“汝”。同归:一同返回。《诗经·豳风·七月》:“女心伤悲,殆及公子同归。”毛传:“豳公子躬率其民,同时出,同时归也。”
参考资料:
1、彭定求 等.全唐诗(上).上海:上海古籍出版社,1986:141
南中咏雁诗创作背景
这首《南中咏雁》,《全唐诗》一作于季子诗,题为《南行别弟》,但《文苑英华》作韦承庆诗,且诗中所写与别弟事无涉,故此诗著作权当归韦承庆。唐中宗神龙初年,韦承庆在核审张易之弟张昌宗罪行的过程中,“失实,配流岭表。”诗当作于被贬途中。
参考资料:
1、周啸天 等.唐诗鉴赏辞典补编.成都:四川文艺出版社,1990:41-42
南中咏雁诗鉴赏
因为徇私犯法,发配岭南,诗人心中的追悔、痛苦自不言而喻。加上本来他是颇受宠幸的,痛苦无疑更甚。所以,被贬途中,当他看到成群的大雁向北飞去,不禁睹物伤情,悲从中来。“万里人南去,三春雁北飞”,在这美好的春天,群雁北归,寻其自由安乐之所,而自己却要跨越千山万水,远赴万里之遥到那险恶湿热的南方瘴疠之地。其间旅途的坎坷,虫兽的侵袭,疾病的折磨,都要忍受。春雁北返,回到自己的乐园,乃随性而动;而自己作为万物之灵长,却沦落偏僻的异地,身不由己,无可奈何。首两句,由雁及人,在人雁对比中,那种人不如雁的感慨深蓄其中。
末二句,“未知何岁月,得与尔同归”,紧扣归雁,进一层抒发内心的悲愤与痛悔。雁在北方安家落户,因此,古人称北飞的雁为归雁。隋代薛道衡《人日思归》“人归落雁后,思发在花前”两句写人见归雁而自然生归家之情。诗人此时身处南中,凝望那阵阵北归的群雁,也不禁动了归乡这个念头:不知什么时候,我才能和你们这些自由的大雁同返家园?古时北方人不适应南方的湿热气候,被贬谪南地的人往往凶多吉少,加之路途遥远艰辛,更是生死难料。此番南去,是生是死,实难卜知。盖一切都尚在冥冥之中也,因而作者那绝望的苦痛、负罪的悔恨以及深沉的身世之悲,都交织在这末二句上了。
诗中作者把无情的大雁当作可以告语的知己,向它们倾诉自己的情怀,情真意切,出语自然。这里表现了一个“行迈靡靡,中心摇摇”的疲惫不堪的旅人,他踽踽独行,凝望那北归的群雁逐渐消失在远方,他的心也随之很沉很沉地堕了下去。值得庆幸的是,韦承庆不到一年便被召回,继续做官,兼修国史,颇受唐中宗称善,官至黄门侍郎而卒,可谓善终。大概从这次贬谪中,作者是吸取了某种人生的教训的,加强了个人品行的修养。宋之问有一首诗《题大庾岭北驿》,和这首诗比较相似,其前四句云:“阳月南飞雁,传闻至此回。我行殊未已,何日复归来。”在人雁对比中,写思家之情。但宋之问终未能从贬所归来,唐玄宗时竟被赐死。大概因为宋之问的人品太差,先谄事张易之,后有依附武三思,在知贡举时,竟然收取贿赂,且不知悔悟,遂引起时人的公愤,连皇帝也讨厌他,于是把他赐死了事。反映在诗歌里,韦承庆的贬谪思归之苦,更能博得后人的同情。末二句自然、真挚,脱口而出,毫无矫揉装束之态,深得后世诗论家的好评。
这首诗,通篇用叙述的笔调,语言直白、通俗,如话家常。短短二十字中,运用对比手法,把作者那深切的贬谪之痛,完满地表现了出来,自具动人的力量。
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吴文英《
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浣溪沙·题李中斋舟中梅屏》
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下一首:
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汪遵《
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乌江》
韦承庆简介
唐代·韦承庆的简介
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韦承庆(639—705)字延休,唐代河内郡阳武县(今河南原阳)人。性谨畏,事继母笃孝。第进士。累迁凤阁舍人,在朝屡进谠言。转天官侍郎,凡三掌选,铨授平允。长安中,(公元703年左右)拜凤阁侍郎,同平章事。张易之诛,承庆以素附离,流岭表。岁余,以秘书员外少监召,兼修国史,封扶阳县子。迁黄门郎,未拜卒,谥曰温。承庆著有文集六十卷,《两唐书志》传于世。
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