养竹记
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唐代]：白居易
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竹似贤，何哉？竹本固，固以树德，君子见其本，则思善建不拔者。竹性直，直以立身；君子见其性，则思中立不倚者。竹心空，空以体道；君子见其心，则思应用虚受者。竹节贞，贞以立志；君子见其节，则思砥砺名行，夷险一致者。夫如是，故君子人多树之，为庭实焉。
贞元十九年春，居易以拔萃选及第，授校书郎，始于长安求假居处，得常乐里故关相国私第之东亭而处之。明日，履及于亭之东南隅，见丛竹于斯，枝叶殄瘁，无声无色。询于关氏之老，则曰：此相国之手植者。自相国捐馆，他人假居，由是筐篚者斩焉，彗帚者刈焉，刑余之材，长无寻焉，数无百焉。又有凡草木杂生其中，菶茸荟郁，有无竹之心焉。居易惜其尝经长者之手，而见贱俗人之目，剪弃若是，本性犹存。乃芟蘙荟，除粪壤，疏其间，封其下，不终日而毕。于是日出有清阴，风来有清声。依依然，欣欣然，若有情于感遇也。
嗟乎！竹植物也，于人何有哉？以其有似于贤而人爱惜之，封植之，况其真贤者乎？然则竹之于草木，犹贤之于众庶。呜呼！竹不能自异，唯人异之。贤不能自异，唯用贤者异之。故作《养竹记》，书于亭之壁，以贻其后之居斯者，亦欲以闻于今之用贤者云。
养竹记译文及注释
译文
竹子像贤人，这是为什么，竹子的根稳固，稳固是为了确立竹子的本性，君子看见它的根，就想到要培植好坚定不移的品格。竹子的秉性直，直是为了站住身体，君子看见它这种秉性，就想到要正直无私，不趋炎附势。竹子的心空，空是为了虚心接受道，君子看见它的心，就想到要虚心接受一切有用的东西。竹子的节坚定，坚定是为了立志，君子看见它的节，就想到要磨炼自己的品行，不管一帆风顺还是遇到危险时，都始终如一。正因为如此，君子都喜欢种竹，把它作为庭院中存在价值的东西。
贞元十九年的春天，我在吏部以拔萃及第，被任命为校书郎。最初在长安求借住处，得到常乐里已故关相国私宅的东亭，在那里住了下来。第二天，散步走到亭子的东南角，见这里长着几丛竹子，枝叶凋敞，毫无生气。向关家的旧人询问是什么缘故，对方答道：“这些竹子是关相国亲手栽种的。自从相国死后，别人借住在这里，从那时起，做筐篓的人来砍，做扫帚的人也来砍，砍伐剩下的竹子，长的已不到八尺，数量也不到百竿了。还有平常的草木混杂生在竹丛中，长得繁盛茂密，简直都没有竹子的苗了。”我感到很惋惜，这些竹子，是由年迈德崇的关相国亲手种植，现在竟被庸俗之人看得如此卑贱。但即使被砍削、废弃到这种程度，其秉性却仍然不变。于是我把那些繁盛茂密的草木铲掉，给竹子施加肥料，又在下面疏通、培修土层，没用一天就干完了。从此以后，这些竹子日出有清阴，风来有清声，随风依依，生机盎然，好像在感激着我的知遇之情。
可叹啊！竹子，不过是一种植物，与人有什么关系呢？就由于它与贤人相似，人们就爱惜它，培植它，何况对于真正的贤人呢？然而，竹子与其它草木的关系，也就象贤人与一般人的关系一样。唉！竹子本身并不能把自己与其它草木区别开来，要靠人来加以区别，贤人本身并不能把自己与一般人区别开来，要靠使用贤人的人来加以区别。因此，写了这篇《养竹记》，书写在东亭的壁上，是为了留给以后居住这所房子的人，也是为了使现在使用贤人的人知晓罢了。
注释
本：根。
固：稳固。
树：树立。
倚：偏颇。
体道：体悟仁德。
虚受：虚心接受。
贞：坚定。
砥砺（dǐ lì）：磨练，锻练。
名行：名节操行。
如是：像这样。
树：种植竹子。
庭实：原指将贡品或礼物陈列于庭，让人观赏。这里是指将竹子种植在庭院中，随时观赏。
贞元十九年：即公元803年。贞元：唐德宗李适的年号。
拔萃：唐代考中进士，还要经过吏部考试，才能授官。白居易三十二岁这年，以“拔萃”登科。
校书郎：秘书省属官，管理校勘和整理国家图书典籍。
常乐里：长安的里名。关相国：疑为德宗时的宰相关播。
殄瘁：枯萎凋谢的样子。殄（tiǎn）：灭绝，此指摧残。 瘁：劳伤，此指毁坏。
关氏之老，关家旧人，如老仆，管家之类。
繇（yóu）：同“由”。
筐篚（fěi）：竹器，方形的叫筐，圆形的叫篚。
篲箒（huìzhǒu）：都是扫箒。篲：通“彗”，扫帚。这里作动词用。
寻：古时八尺为一寻。
菶（běng）茸荟郁：形容草木繁盛茂密。
芟（shān）蘙（yì）荟，剪除茂盛的杂草。
封：培土。
斯：指这所房子。
参考资料：
1、叶桂刚 王贵元主编．中国古代散文精品赏析 （下册）：北京广播学院出版社，1993年06月第1版：第24页
2、章培恒，安平秋，马樟根主编；柳士镇，张宏生译注,．古代文史名著选译丛书 唐文粹选译 修订版：凤凰出版社，2011.05：第183页
养竹记创作背景
参考资料：
1、刘传新主编．古代小品文鉴赏辞典：山东文艺出版社，1991年08月：第238页
养竹记鉴赏
全文可以分为三段。第一段谈竹子的四种美德：建善不拔，中立不倚，应用虚受，砥砺名行，夷险一致；正因为有这些美德，君子们多将之作为“庭实”。第二段写自己与竹相知相处的经过。那是自己借居已故相国府宅东亭时，有感于原先种的竹已“枝叶殄瘁，无声无色”；经询方知其竹现状是与“他人假居”、无人爱惜竹子有关。于是乎，作者“乃芟翳荟，除粪壤，疏其间，封其下”，爱惜并护理竹子将近一整天时间，他旋即感到，竹子以清光朗韵回报自己，付出真情。第三段借竹子前后不同际遇，谈人才的遭遇。竹子“似于贤”得到人之爱惜和培植，对“真贤”的人又怎么得不到爱惜和培植。竹子与草木，就像贤才与一般人；竹子是不能自我张扬优点，而是靠人赏识它；贤才不能自我张扬才干，而是要各级领导使用贤才者，才能发现贤才们的才干，重用之。因此，贤才被各级领导掌握着命运。
文章以竹喻贤人，表达了作者仰慕贤者的高贵品质，决心坚定不移、正直无私、虚心体道、砥砺名行的志向，同时渴望当权者善于发现人才，爱惜人才，使他们得以施展才华，对于人才不被重视的现实流露了隐忧。文章描绘竹之形态，观察入微，抒发感慨，真挚动人；行文流畅，语言朴素，不事雕琢，意境新颖。文章风格与其诗歌一样，通俗平易，有为而作。
这篇文章充分表达了作者仰慕贤者的心情和盼望执政者善待贤才的意愿。通篇率真自然，不事雕琢，文字省净，意境清新。
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李商隐《
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一片》
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柳宗元《
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红蕉》
白居易简介
唐代·白居易的简介
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白居易（772年－846年），字乐天，号香山居士，又号醉吟先生，祖籍太原，到其曾祖父时迁居下邽，生于河南新郑。是唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，唐代三大诗人之一。白居易与元稹共同倡导新乐府运动，世称“元白”，与刘禹锡并称“刘白”。白居易的诗歌题材广泛，形式多样，语言平易通俗，有“诗魔”和“诗王”之称。官至翰林学士、左赞善大夫。公元846年，白居易在洛阳逝世，葬于香山。有《白氏长庆集》传世，代表诗作有《长恨歌》、《卖炭翁》、《琵琶行》等。
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迁延去复归。
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宋宗庙登歌八首 其七 高祖武皇帝歌
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两汉：
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佚名
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惟天有命，眷求上哲。赫矣圣武，抚运桓扰。功并敷土，道均汝坟。
止戈曰武，经纬称文。鸟龙失纪，云火代名。受终改物，作我宋京。
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谒仇山村墓迢和张仲举诗韵
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元代：
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凌云翰
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敬吊先生落照中，纸烟销尽酒樽空。牛羊上垄无人管，岂为当时面发红。
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晓发
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唐代：
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唐求
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旅馆候天曙，整车趋远程。几处晓钟断，半桥残月明。
沙上鸟犹在，渡头人未行。去去古时道，马嘶三两声。