水龙吟·梨花
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宋代]:周邦彦
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素肌应怯余寒,艳阳占立青芜地。樊川照日,灵关遮路,残红敛避。传火楼台,妒花风雨,长门深闭。亚帘栊半湿,一枝在手,偏勾引、黄昏泪。
别有风前月底。布繁英、满园歌吹。朱铅退尽,潘妃却酒,昭君乍起。雪浪翻空,粉裳缟夜,不成春意。恨玉容不见,琼英谩好,与何人比。
水龙吟·梨花译文及注释
译文
梨花亭亭玉立于艳阳普照的绿草地上,“樊川”、“灵关”,都是一片雪白梨花,残春落红,均收敛而去。清明时节春寒细雨、风妒红花,寂寞黄昏,满院梨花不开门。半湿的梨花树枝压窗门上,闲折一枝,偏勾引出多少黄昏泪。
更有那当年明皇梨园的风流韵事。想当年梨园里梨花香雪,丝竹管弦,何等兴会!胭脂和铅粉全无,潘妃辞酒,昭君之惊!“雪浪翻空,粉裳缟夜”的李花也不足以比梨花,不成春意。只恨玉容不见,梨花再好,又和何人比。
注释
水龙吟:词牌名。又名“龙吟曲”“庄椿岁”“小楼连苑”。《清真集》入“越调”。各家格式出入颇多。一百二字,前后片各四仄韵。又第九句第一字并是领格,宜用去声。结句宜用上一、下三句法,较二、二句式收得有力。
素肌:白色的肌肤,比喻洁白素雅的梨花。余寒:剩余的春寒,梨花开在晚春时节。
青芜地:杂草丛生的地方。
樊川:汉武帝时代的长安有一所名为“樊川”的梨园。照日:“日照”的倒装,以与“遮路”作对。敛:解作“收”。
传火:指清明日。清明节前二日为寒食,不举火,唐俗清明日皇帝取榆柳之火以赐近臣。楼台:代指近臣家。
妒花:语出杜甫《风雨看舟前落花,戏为新句》:“春寒细雨出疏篱,风妒红花却倒吹。”
长门深闭:用汉武帝陈皇后事,兼取刘方平《春怨》诗意:“寂寞黄昏春欲晚,梨花满院不开门。”
亚:作“压”解,动词,省略主语梨花。帘栊(lóng):指居室的户帘及窗牖。
繁英:繁盛的花。
歌吹:歌声和乐声。
朱铅退尽:谓胭脂铅粉。
潘妃却酒:潘妃是南朝齐东昏侯之妃,小字玉儿,有姿色,性淫侈。却酒:指推辞不饮酒。饮则脸红,却则脸白,以喻梨花。
昭君:王昭君,汉南郡秭归(今属湖北)人,名嫱,字昭君。晋避司马昭讳,改称为明君,后人又称明妃。
缟(gǎo)夜:映照黑夜。
玉容:指女子的容貌。此指上述陈皇后、王昭君等美人。
琼英:本指雪花,此指梨花。谩:作”徒“或”空“解。
参考资料:
1、叶嘉莹 王强.周邦彦词新释辑评.北京:中国书店,2006:236-240
水龙吟·梨花创作背景
中国作家协会会员钱鸿瑛《柳周词传》云,此词或认为有《离骚》初服之意,有所寄托;也有人认为这首咏梨花的词纯为体物之作,不涉个人怀抱。其创作时间难以考证。
参考资料:
1、黄墨谷 等.唐宋词鉴赏辞典(唐·五代·北宋卷).上海:上海辞书出版社,1988:1027-1029
水龙吟·梨花鉴赏
此词上片起笔“素肌应怯余寒,艳阳占立青芜地”用工笔描绘出梨花亭亭玉立于艳阳普照的绿草地上,合时合地,静穆归一。“素肌”喻梨花之色白。李白有诗:“柳色黄金嫩,梨花白雪香。”梨花开晚春时节,故说“应怯余寒”,“应”字,下得轻:“艳阳”,《花间集》毛熙震《小重山》:“群花谢,愁对艳阳天”;杜牧诗:“带叶梨花独送春”。梨花开时春草已长,所以说“占立青芜地”。“素肌”“怯余寒”“占立”,都是用拟人化手法。接下来,词人把境界再扩大,“樊川照日,灵关遮路,残红敛避”。这三句,用豪放之笔,勾画出一极壮阔的空间。此下,词人转笔写梨花开落的时间:“传火楼台,妒花风雨,长门深闭”,韩翃《寒食》诗:“日暮汉宫传蜡烛,轻烟散入五侯家”。美成将这两句诗概括成“传火楼台”四个字,极形象而有境界。这里的“楼台”即韩翃所称的五侯家。“传火楼台”四字合时间、空间而成境界。这三句中每句都切时令暮春,点化前人诗句,而能袭古弥新,使梨花的形象更为鲜明。最后以情结束上片内容,“亚帘栊半湿,一枝手,偏勾引、黄昏泪。”“亚帘栊半湿”,应解为半湿的梨花树枝压窗牖上。美成常用这种“拗句”作提笔入情,成为一篇之“警策”。白居易诗:“闲折两枝时手”。《花间集》薛昭蕴《离别难》:“偏能勾引泪阑干”。词人化用一诗一词之意,提炼成为“一枝手,偏勾引、黄昏泪”,“泪”前加“黄昏”,点明时间,此泪,是伤春之泪,甚而是怀人之泪,此中有人,呼之欲出。
过片出人意表,用“别有”二字急转,变换境界,以雄健之笔,宕开写去,用唐明皇以汉武帝梨园旧址,选子弟教法曲之事,创造一个新的境界。“风前月底”,只四个字,把当年明皇梨园的风流韵事作高度概括,“布繁英,满园歌吹”,想见当年梨园里梨花香雪,丝竹管弦,何等兴会!紧接用三个四字句:“朱铅退尽,潘妃却酒,昭君乍起”,再渲染梨花的洁白和梨花的性格。第一句喻其纯净。第二句将南齐东昏侯潘妃引入。史称妃颜色“絜(洁)美”。却酒不饮,红色不上脸,保持其洁白本色,以衬梨花之白。第三句,借琴操昭君歌有“梨叶萋萋”之句,便以昭君这位历史人物的美丽形象来作比兴。这一韵和上片第一韵同是运用拟人化手法,至此,就梨花本身传神写照,已无须再多言之。故下一韵起忽然转从对面落墨,于比较中见尊崇之意。首先拿来对比的是李花。李花也是白色的。韩愈诗:“风揉雨练雪羞比,波涛翻空杳无涘。”(《李花赠张十一署》)王安石诗:“积李兮缟夜,崇桃兮炫昼。”(《寄蔡氏女子》)作者由此化出“雪浪翻空,粉裳缟夜”二句,谓此李花“不成春意”,自不足以比梨花。以一“恨”字领三个四字句:“玉容不见,琼英谩好,与何人比!”白居易《长恨歌》用“玉容寂寞泪阑干,梨花一枝春带雨来形容太真妃的容貌,又以”马嵬坡下泥土中,不见玉颜空死处“说她的死,取其句意,词人这里暗指太真妃已再也见不到了。”琼英谩好“,琼英,谓雪。雪又称作”玉妃“,此双关雪与人。结句发出梨花的标格如今无人可比的叹息。
这首词以秾艳著称,但实际则极尽沉郁顿挫之能事。上片结以情语,下片旧至比兴,塑造了梨花无人可比的精神风致,音韵有不尽。
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辛弃疾《
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临江仙·和叶仲洽赋羊桃》
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丘处机《
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无俗念·灵虚宫梨花词》
周邦彦简介
唐代·周邦彦的简介
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周邦彦(1056年-1121年),中国北宋末期著名的词人,字美成,号清真居士,汉族,钱塘(今浙江杭州)人。历官太学正、庐州教授、知溧水县等。徽宗时为徽猷阁待制,提举大晟府。精通音律,曾创作不少新词调。作品多写闺情、羁旅,也有咏物之作。格律谨严。语言典丽精雅。长调尤善铺叙。为后来格律派词人所宗。旧时词论称他为“词家之冠”。有《清真集》传世。
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曾几
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善权石状说不尽,怪怪奇奇惊倒人。大屋脩廊岩下路,凄风冷雨洞中春。
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夜闻洛滨吹笙
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唐代:
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张仲素
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王子千年后,笙音五夜闻。逶迤绕清洛,断续下仙云。
泄泄飘难定,啾啾曲未分。松风助幽律,波月动轻文。
凤管听何远,鸾声若在群。暗空思羽盖,馀气自氛氲。
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大行皇太后挽词二首
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宋代:
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陈师道
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扶日行黄道,乘云上紫微。
忧劳形末命,恭俭见陈衣。
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赣州丰乐长老惠宣写予真戏赞时年七十三
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宋代:
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周必大
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少年日醉郁孤台,鼎立三禅屡往来。
豪气虽存谁复识,形容变尽鬓皑皑。