虞美人·赋虞美人草
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宋代]:辛弃疾
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当年得意如芳草。日日春风好。拔山力尽忽悲歌。饮罢虞兮从此、奈君何。
人间不识精诚苦。贪看青青舞。蓦然敛袂却亭亭。怕是曲中犹带、楚歌声。
虞美人·赋虞美人草译文及注释
译文
以前当年虞美人过着轻歌曼舞的生活,好象芳草天天得到春风吹拂,自由自在地滋长繁荣,过着无拘无束的美好生活。项羽刚愎自用,屡犯错误,终于招致了垓下之围。在四面楚歌声中,他痛饮悲歌,高唱的哀歌,和虞美人诀别。虞美人为了忠贞于爱情,不愿入汉宫受辱,也就在无可奈何的情况下,唱完和歌而自刎。
虞美人宁愿死去化为草,以死来保持自己对项王的忠诚,想以死来报答项王对自己的恩爱。她这种心意,十分精诚,也十分痛苦。可所有人有谁知道她、体惜她呢?绝大多数人都是好德不如好色,贪看和赞赏她临风而舞的优美姿态。众人正在贪看和赞美虞美人草翩翩起舞的娇姿艳态时,她忽然收敛舞袖,停止舞蹈,笔挺地站着不动。恐怕是伴奏的舞曲还带有楚歌的声音,使她伤感往事而不愿再舞了吧?
注释
虞美人:词牌名;原为唐教坊曲,后用为词牌名。又名“一江春水”“玉壶水”“巫山十二峰”等。双调,五十六字,上下片各四句,皆为两仄韵转两平韵,项羽姬妾虞姬称虞美人。
虞美人草:雅州名山县,出虞美人草。如鸡冠花。叶两两相对,为唱《虞美人曲》。
青青:茂盛貌。
亭亭:孤立无依之貌。
参考资料:
1、谢永芳.辛弃疾诗词全集 汇校汇注汇评:崇文书局,2016.06:第356页
2、徐汉明校注.辛弃疾全集校注 下册:华中科技大学出版社,2012.03:第586页
3、胡正山 陈立君.花卉鉴赏辞典:湖南科学技术出版社,1992年03月第1版:第560页
虞美人·赋虞美人草创作背景
此词于庆元元年(1195)或二年辛弃疾被弹劾去职、闲居带湖时闲居带湖时所作。辛弃疾在带湖居住期间,常到博山游览,博山风景优美,他却无心赏玩。眼看国事日非,自己无能为力,一腔愁绪无法排遣,遂创作了此词。
参考资料:
1、谢永芳.辛弃疾诗词全集 汇校汇注汇评:崇文书局,2016.06:第356页
2、唐圭璋 等.唐宋词鉴赏辞典(南宋·辽·金).上海:上海辞书出版社,1988:2477
3、陆林编注.宋词.北京:北京师范大学出版社,1992:207-208
虞美人·赋虞美人草鉴赏
词的上片写霸王别姬,是用对比手法来写的。开头两句写项羽春风得意,言其当年在全国反抗暴秦的浪潮中乘机起事,犹如芳草应运而生,春风得意,枝繁叶茂,成为西楚霸王,天下无敌。这两句以芳草喻项羽,既生动形象,富有诗情画意,又贴近词题,颇为得体。“拔山”承上启下,写其由强变弱,由盛转衰,化用项羽的悲歌,浑化无痕,并巧妙地引出结尾二句。“饮罢”二句写霸王别姬。言帐饮之后,彼此分离,而虞姬何以对待项羽呢?言外之意是说她只有以死酬知己,相从于地下,这就自然地过渡到下片去。
词的下片咏虞美人草。“人间”二句言虞美人草为虞姬精诚所化,听到虞美人曲,就应拍而舞,千载之下,犹见其对项羽的精诚,世人不理解这一点,只是“贪看青青舞”,则辜负了虞美人的一片苦心。“暮然”句写虞美人草停止舞动。在这里,作者使用“敛袂”,写虞美人草静止不动,犹如美人整整衣袖,停止歌舞,既增加了意趣,又让人觉得格外生动。为什么虞美人停止舞动?“怕是曲中犹带、楚歌声”,引起虞姬怀旧情绪而不忍卒舞,用拟人笔法和心理描写的方式,推想虞美人草不舞的原因,赋予虞美人草以人的感情色彩,含蓄蕴藉,真挚动人。
总观全词,作者对虞美人草的遭遇是惋惜的,对虞美人草的品格是赞赏的。联系作者身世和南宋情况来看,作者是想借此词来讽刺和规劝南宋君臣不要沉溺于歌舞生活,招致亡国杀身之祸,而应发奋图强,收复失地,重振国威。同时,作者也是借此词来抒发自己怀才不遇、壮志难酬的悲愤。因此,这首词写得既豪放又婉约,是咏物词中的妙品。
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陈允平《
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红林擒近·寿词·满路花》
辛弃疾简介
唐代·辛弃疾的简介
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辛弃疾(1140-1207),南宋词人。原字坦夫,改字幼安,别号稼轩,汉族,历城(今山东济南)人。出生时,中原已为金兵所占。21岁参加抗金义军,不久归南宋。历任湖北、江西、湖南、福建、浙东安抚使等职。一生力主抗金。曾上《美芹十论》与《九议》,条陈战守之策。其词抒写力图恢复国家统一的爱国热情,倾诉壮志难酬的悲愤,对当时执政者的屈辱求和颇多谴责;也有不少吟咏祖国河山的作品。题材广阔又善化用前人典故入词,风格沉雄豪迈又不乏细腻柔媚之处。由于辛弃疾的抗金主张与当政的主和派政见不合,后被弹劾落职,退隐江西带湖。
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