上林春令·十一月三十日见雪
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宋代]：毛滂
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蝴蝶初翻帘绣。万玉女、齐回舞袖。落花飞絮蒙蒙，长忆著、灞桥别后。
浓香斗帐自永漏。任满地、月深云厚。夜寒不近流苏，只怜他、后庭梅瘦。
上林春令·十一月三十日见雪译文及注释
译文
蝴蝶刚刚翻过绣帘，万千玉女一齐舒袖起舞。落花片片，飞絮蒙蒙，总是在回忆灞桥分别后的情形。
浓香深夜时飘入室内的斗帐中，任凭幽深的月光和浓厚的云层覆盖着整个大地。夜晚寒冷，只好躲在温暖的流苏帐中，只是可怜后庭的梅花，被风吹落了许多。
注释
上林春令：词牌名，前后段各四句。
蝴蝶：喻雪片飞舞。
回：指飘飞。
灞桥：这里语含双关，灞桥义是唐人折柳饯别之处所，此扣离别之意。
漏：即漏箭，为古代宫中计时器具。
月深云厚：指积雪。
流苏：帘帐上垂下来的继子，用彩羽或丝织品制成，起装饰作用。这里泛指帘幕。
参考资料：
1、王星琦选评．雪：江苏古籍出版社，1995.08：114页
2、（清）朱孝臧编选；王思熠主编．宋词三百首全解 ：中国华侨出版社， 2013.09 ：231页
上林春令·十一月三十日见雪创作背景
此词为作者某年十一月三十日见雪而作。毛滂醉心文学，性爱丘山。从政的五十多年，正是北宋政坛剧烈动荡、反覆、最终走向全面黑暗、腐败以致灭亡的风风雨雨半个世纪。毛滂的仕宦生涯也深深笼罩在党争的巨大阴影下，并饱受其殃害，它清晰地折射出北宋特殊政治文化的时代色彩。
参考资料：
1、程自信 许宗元主编．宋词精华分类品汇 ：中国青年出版社，1994.03 ：133页
上林春令·十一月三十日见雪鉴赏
这是一首咏物词。刘熙载云：咏物应“不离不即”（《艺概》），意即咏物而不滞于物，也就是说好的咏物诗词既要做到曲尽妙处，又要在咏物中言情、寄托。本首咏物词就有“不离不即”之妙。
上片描绘飞雪的动态美，寄托了词人飘荡羁旅之悲情。“蝴蝶初翻帘绣”三句，描写纷飞的白雪，时而像翻穿绣帘的蝴蝶，时而像万千天女散花舒袖长舞，时而像落花飘洒，时而像飞絮蒙蒙。这里采用博喻的方法，将雪比做“蝴蝶”、“玉女”、“落花”、“飞絮”，用这些事物来比拟，创造了一个优美的意境，给人以鲜明生动的印象，产生了引人入胜的艺术魅力。比喻，可以比声音、比形象、比情态、比心情、比事物，但都要抓住两者之间的可比之处。这首词的比喻，主要是比形象、比情态。蝴蝶穿帘的形象，是比拟雪花的轻而美，玉女飞舞的形象，比拟雪花洁白而飘逸，落花比拟轻飏而凄清，飞絮比拟雪花飘洒而色白。这些比喻都是新奇的想象，富有独创性，自然、精当，达到了“喻巧而理至”的效果。正因这些喻体都含着一个“飘”意，就为歇拍的抒情句“长忆著、灞桥别后”作了铺垫，从而寄寓了羁旅在外，飘泊异乡的愁情，达到了情景交融的境界。又因上片巧妙用典，如“落花”、李白的“秦楼月，年年柳色，灞陵伤别”（《忆秦娥》）而加浓了诗的意境。“灞桥”暗用了王勃“客心千里倦，春争一朝归。还伤北国里，重见落花飞”（《羁春》）。
下片写雪的静态美，寄托词人孤高志趣。姚铉说：“赋水不当仅言水，而言水之前后左右。”（见贺裳《皱水轩词筌》）这是说写咏物诗词，可正面描写，也可侧面描写，或以反衬手法出之。本首下片，词人就用寒梅来衬白雪，既勾画了雪之洁白，又表现了梅之高格，从而寄托了词人的孤芳、高洁的志趣。“浓香斗帐自永漏”一句，写梅花在雪后深夜之时开放，清香从窗外飘入室内的斗帐中。“浓香”代指梅花。“漏永”即“永漏”，意夜深。“任满地、月深云厚”一句，既写夜晚的雪景，如厚厚云絮铺满大地，似皎洁月光洒向原野。天宇大地，上下辉映，好一个银白世界。它静无纤尘，多么玲珑剔透。在这静穆的天地间，有一枝寒梅怒放，散着浓香，衬托着洁白的雪更加光洁隽美了。歇拍“夜寒不近流苏，后庭梅瘦”，又是一个抒情句。赞美雪中梅花不畏寒冷，不同流俗，不趋炎势，只在冰清玉洁中独弄清影。这白雪寒梅的形象又寄托了词人孑然独立的志趣。
本首咏物词，既用博喻修辞法，将雪作多角度的正面描绘，表现了雪之多姿多彩的动态美；又用衬托法，以清高的梅衬洁白的雪，创造了冰清玉洁的意境，表现了一种玲珑的静态美，在动与静、虚与实的结合中，融进词人的思想感情，创造了一种秀雅飘逸的风格。
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杜甫《
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病马》
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欧阳修《
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少年游·玉壶冰莹兽炉灰》
毛滂简介
唐代·毛滂的简介
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毛滂，字泽民，衢州江山人，约生于嘉佑六年（1061），卒于宣和末年。有《东堂集》十卷和《东堂词》一卷传世。
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