哀溺文序
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唐代]：柳宗元
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永之氓咸善游。一日，水暴甚，有五、六氓乘小船绝湘水。中济，船破，皆游。其一氓尽力而不能寻常。其侣曰：“汝善游最也，今何后为？”曰：“吾腰千钱，重，是以后。”曰：“何不去之？”不应，摇其首。有顷，益怠。已济者立岸上呼且号曰：“汝愚之甚，蔽之甚，身且死，何以货为？”又摇其首。遂溺死。吾哀之。且若是，得不有大货之溺大氓者乎？于是作《哀溺》。
哀溺文序译文及注释
译文
永州的百姓都善于游泳。一天，河水上涨的厉害，有五六个人乘着小船横渡湘江。渡到江中时，船破了，船上的人纷纷游水逃生。其中一个人尽力游泳但仍然游不了多远，他的同伴们说：“你最会游泳，现在为什么落在后面？”他说：“我腰上缠着很多钱，很重，所以落后了。”同伴们说：“为什么不丢掉它呢？”他不回答，摇摇他的头。一会儿，他更加疲乏了。已经游过河的人站在岸上，又呼又叫：“你愚蠢到了极点，蒙昧到了极点，自己快淹死了，还要钱财干什么呢？”他又摇摇他的头。于是就淹死了。我对此感到十分悲哀。如果像这样，难道不会有大利淹死大人物的事情吗？于是写下了《哀溺》。
注释
永：即永州。
氓（méng）：古代指百姓。
咸：都。
湘水：即湖南境内的湘江。
善：通“擅”，擅长。
暴：涨
绝：渡过。
济：渡河。组词：救济。
中济：渡到河中央。
寻常：古代八尺为寻，再加倍为常，意为几尺远。
不能寻常：达不到平时游泳的水平。
有顷：一会
益：更
后：落后。
怠：疲乏。
有顷益怠：一会儿就疲乏了
蔽：昏聩，不明是非。蒙昧
侣：同伴。
去：丢弃，放弃。
且：将，将要。
腰：腰缠。
吾哀之：为动用法，我为他感到悲哀。
湘水：即湖南境内的湘江
货：这里指钱。
参考资料：
1、朱庆．文言诗文点击：光明日报出版社，2012．
哀溺文序创作背景
从“永之氓”等内容结合寓言讽刺主题来看，《哀溺文并序》应与《蝜版传》等寓言同为柳宗元被贬永州时期创作的。
参考资料：
1、江建高,《贬时弊与抒孤愤——柳宗元寓言散文略论》,《湖南科技学院学报》, 2008, 29(9):6-8
2、霍旭东．历代辞赋鉴赏辞典．北京：商务印书馆国际有限公司，2011：712-715
3、余秋雨．文化苦旅．上海：东方出版中心，2002：27-33
4、张曙霞；柳宗元与永贞革新[J]《首都师范大学学报》；2006
哀溺文序鉴赏
短文用白描手法，用词简省浅近，人物特点却入木三分，体现了柳氏寓言一贯的特点。
《哀溺文序》的特色是用正面描写和侧面烘托相结合的手法，主要刻划了溺死者要钱不要命的心态，使全文叙述相当精炼，人物形象十分生动传神。
正面描写主要从三个方面着手：一是行动描写，“尽力而不能寻常”，暗示钱的累赘；二是语言描写，“吾腰千钱，重，是以后”，说明他明知关键在钱，却仍不愿割舍；三是表情描写，两次“不应，摇其首”，说明他要钱不要命，至死不悟。
侧面烘托也是从三个方面着手：一是反衬，“善游最也”，借他人之口指出他平素善于游泳，从而反衬他今日“尽力而不能寻常”的反常行为；二是对比，把最善游泳的他反倒淹死，与本来游水本领不如他的人都能安全到达彼岸进行对比。三是用“己济者”的呼号，从侧面揭示他的蒙昧自蔽。
作者通过三个正面描写和三次侧面烘托，在简省的白描中通过强烈而深刻的对比，戏剧化地突出了人物性格物征，深刻而令人警醒地彰明了“哀溺”的主题。
从细节运用与结构分析方面来看，此文也可圈可点。
在永州民众“咸善游”，而水“暴甚”，几人渡河，船破于中流的背景下，众人皆游。“咸”点明人人都水性好，即使水“暴甚”，本来众人也可以游至岸边。
“其一氓尽力而不能寻常”，一笔转折，使读者注意力自然聚于此“一氓”，而后又特借“其侣”来点明，这个“尽力却不能寻常”的人正是“善游最也“之人，那所有人都不禁要问“今何后为”了。
曰：“吾腰千钱，重，是以后。”腰缠千钱，财难舍，可谓“氓”之常情。到底是钱重要还是命重要？
读者都要问“何不去之？”了，生死危机下，应该“去之”了吧？结果“氓”“不应，摇其首。有顷，益怠。”
对这样要钱不顾命的人，人们都忍不住喊出“汝愚之甚，蔽之甚，身且死，何以货为？”的劝诫。
出人意料的是，“氓”“又摇其首。遂溺死。”这一转笔，直让人慨叹竟然真有这样要钱不要命的人，何其可悲。再回想前文，这人是“咸善游”的民众中“善游最也”之人啊——这样的人，竟是溺死河中。为何？已不言自明。
小小篇幅，重重铺垫，层层对比。设悬念、作伏笔，起承转合，多在细节处见匠心。
吾哀之。且若是，得不有大货之溺大氓者乎？于是作《哀溺》。最后“合”笔之处，点明主旨，“善游最也”的“氓”为千钱便溺死河中而不顾，那“大货”又会溺死多少“大氓”呢？
“得不有”一句是理解整篇辞赋的关键，也是作者由“序文”过渡到赋文的桥梁。林纾在《柳文研究法》中说：“《哀溺文》与《蝂传》同一命意。然柳州每于一篇言之中，必有一句最有力量、最透辟者镇之。……‘序’之结尾即曰：‘得不有大货之溺大氓者乎！’语极沉重，有关系。”
从故事到人物，从记述到描写，都鲜明具体，活灵活现，如一篇“小小说”。这个被淹死的“氓”，钱迷心窍，爱钱超过爱命，死到临头还执迷不悟，最后终因金钱的拖累而被淹死，实在可悲而又可怜。可是从另一方面说，他在紧急的关头，分不清主要、次要，依然恋钱不舍，又有些死得活该。柳宗元在“哀之”的同时，马上想到“得不有大货之溺大氓者乎？”从被淹死的“氓”想到正在被淹没的“大氓”，从永州一件具体的生活事件想到整个社会现实。
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论语七则》
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杜甫《
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偶题》
柳宗元简介
唐代·柳宗元的简介
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柳宗元（773年－819年），字子厚，唐代河东（今山西运城）人，杰出诗人、哲学家、儒学家乃至成就卓著的政治家，唐宋八大家之一。著名作品有《永州八记》等六百多篇文章，经后人辑为三十卷，名为《柳河东集》。因为他是河东人，人称柳河东，又因终于柳州刺史任上，又称柳柳州。柳宗元与韩愈同为中唐古文运动的领导人物，并称“韩柳”。在中国文化史上，其诗、文成就均极为杰出，可谓一时难分轩轾。
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明代：
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林俊
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文会鸡鸣记往年，秋山回首四朝前。典刑数老今谁在，风雨重阳句尚传。
礼祀放晴中夜月，斋坛分碧北陵烟。直庐奎聚翻成感，旧臆新悰一闇然。
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部斋閒居简周伯明寅长
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明代：
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王廷相
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省垣梧竹抱幽虚，吏散萧然似隐居。风冷池亭犹岸帻，日斜窗几有摊书。
身依明主忻难遇，官佐戎机愧自疏。有美东曹称独步，腐儒何幸接簪裾。