送魏万之京
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唐代]:李颀
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关城树色催寒近,御苑砧声向晚多。(树色一作:曙)
送魏万之京译文及注释
译文
清晨听到游子高唱离别之歌,昨夜下薄霜你一早渡过黄河。
怀愁之人最怕听到鸿雁鸣叫,云山冷寂更不堪落寞的过客。
潼关晨曦催促寒气临近京城,京城深秋捣衣声到晚上更多。
请不要以为长安是行乐所在,以免白白地把宝贵时光消磨。
注释
魏万:又名颢。上元(唐高宗年号,674—676)初进士。曾隐居王屋山,自号王屋山人。
游子:指魏万。离歌:离别的歌。
初渡河:刚刚渡过黄河。魏万家住王屋山,在黄河北岸,去长安必须渡河。
“鸿雁”二句:设想魏万在途中的寂寞心情。客中:即作客途中。
关城:指潼关。树色:有的版本作“曙色”,黎明前的天色。催寒近:寒气越来越重,一路上天气愈来愈冷。
御苑:皇宫的庭苑。这里借指京城。砧声:捣衣声。向晚多:愈接近傍晚愈多。
“莫见”句:勉励魏万及时努力,不要虚度年华。蹉跎:此指虚度年华。说文新附:“蹉跎,失时也。”
参考资料:
1、蘅塘退士 等.唐诗三百首·宋词三百首·元曲三百首.北京:华文出版社,2009:147
送魏万之京创作背景
这是一首送别友人的诗。魏万后改名魏颢。唐玄宗天宝十三载(754年),因慕李白之名,南下到吴、越一带访寻,最后在广陵与李白相遇,计程不下三千里。李白很赏识他,并把自己的诗文让他编成集子。李颀晚年家居颍阳而常到洛阳,此诗可能就写于作者晚年在洛阳时。
参考资料:
1、萧涤非 等.唐诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1983:111-112
送魏万之京鉴赏
这是一首送别诗,被送者为诗人晚辈。诗中一、二两句想象魏万到京城沿途所能见的极易引起羁旅乡愁的景物。中间四句或在抒情中写景叙事,或在写景叙事中抒情,层次分明。最后两句劝勉魏万到了长安之后,不要只看到那里是行乐的地方而沉溺其中,蹉跎岁月,应该抓住机遇成就一番事业。这表达了诗人对魏万的深情厚意,情调深沉悲凉,但却催人向上。
诗一开首,“朝闻游子唱离歌”,先说魏万的走,后用“昨夜微霜初渡河”,点出前一夜的景象,用倒戟而入的笔法,极为得势。“初渡河”,把霜拟人化了,写出深秋时节萧瑟的气氛。
秋夜微霜,挚友别离,自然地逗出了一个“愁”字。“鸿雁不堪愁里听”,是紧接第二句,渲染氛围。“云山况是客中过”,接写正题,照应第一句。大雁,秋天南去,春天北归,飘零不定,有似旅人。它那嘹唳的雁声,从天末飘来,使人觉得怅惘凄切。而抱有满腹惆怅的人,当然就更难忍受了。云山,一般是令人向往的风景,而对于落寞失意的人,坐对云山,便会感到前路茫茫,黯然神伤。他乡游子,于此为甚。这是李颀以自己的心情来体会对方。“不堪”“况是”两个虚词前后呼应,往复顿挫,情切而意深。
五、六两句,诗人对远行客又作了充满情意的推想:“关城树色催寒近,御苑砧声向晚多。”从洛阳西去要经过古函谷关和潼关,凉秋九月,草木摇落,一片萧瑟,标志着寒天的到来。本来是寒气使树变色,但寒不可见而树色可见,好像树色带来寒气,见树色而知寒近,是树色把寒催来的。一个“催”字,把平常景物写得有情有感,十分生动,傍晚砧声之多,为长安特有,“长安一片月,万户捣衣声”。然而诗人不用城关雄伟、御苑清华这样的景色来介绍长安,却只突出了“御苑砧声”,发人深想。魏万前此,大概没有到过长安,而李颀已多次到过京师,在那里曾“倾财破产”,历经辛酸。两句推想中,诗人平生感慨,尽在不言之中。“催寒近”“向晚多”六个字相对,暗含着岁月不待,年华易老之意,顺势引出了结尾二句。
“莫见长安行乐处,空令岁月易蹉跎”,纯然是长者的语气,予魏万以亲切的嘱咐。这里用“行乐处”三字虚写长安,与上二句中的“御苑砧声”相应,一虚一实,恰恰表明了诗人的旨意。他谆谆告诫魏万:长安虽是“行乐处”,但不是一般人可以享受的。不要把宝贵的时光,轻易地消磨掉,要抓紧时机成就一番事业。可谓语重心长。
这首诗以长于炼句而为后人所称道。诗人把叙事、写景、抒情交织在一起。如次联两句用了倒装手法,加强、加深了描写。先出“鸿雁”“云山”——感官接触到的物象,然后写“愁里听”“客中过”,这就由景生情,合于认识规律,容易唤起人们的共鸣。同样,第三联的“关城树色”和“御苑砧声”,虽是记忆中的形象,联系气候、时刻等环境条件,有声有色,非常自然。而“催”字、“向”字,更见推敲之功。
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杜甫《
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韦应物《
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赋得暮雨送李胄》
李颀简介
唐代·李颀的简介
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李颀(690-751),汉族,东川(今四川三台)人(有争议),唐代诗人。少年时曾寓居河南登封。开元十三年进士,做过新乡县尉的小官,诗以写边塞题材为主,风格豪放,慷慨悲凉,七言歌行尤具特色。
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明代:
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俞彦
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珠蕊初翻,银河乍满,风浪其间惯历。须信来宵忆此宵,总迢递、应强寥寂。
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