和胡西曹示顾贼曹
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魏晋]:陶渊明
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蕤宾五月中,清朝起南颸。
不驶亦不驰,飘飘吹我衣。
重云蔽白日,闲雨纷微微。
流目视西园,烨烨荣紫葵。
于今甚可爱,奈何当复衰!
感物愿及时,每恨靡所挥。
悠悠待秋稼,寥落将赊迟。
逸想不可淹,猖狂独长悲!
和胡西曹示顾贼曹译文及注释
译文
时当仲夏五月中,清早微觉南风凉。
南风不缓也不疾,飘飘吹动我衣裳。
层层乌云遮白日,濛濛细雨纷纷扬。
随意赏观西园内,紫葵花盛耀荣光。
此时此物甚可爱,无奈不久侵枯黄!
感物行乐当及时,常恨无酒可举筋。
耐心等待秋收获,庄稼稀疏将空忙。
遐思冥想难抑制,我心激荡独悲伤。
注释
胡西曹、顾贼曹:胡、顾二人名字及事迹均不详。西曹、贼曹,是州从事官名。《宋书·百官志》:“江州又有别驾祭酒,居僚职之上。别驾、西曹主吏及选举事。西曹,即汉之功曹书佐也。祭酒分掌诸曹兵、贼、仓、户、水、销之属。”示:给某人看。
蕤(ruí)宾:诗中用以标志仲夏五月。古代以十二律配合十二个月,“蕤宾”是配合五月之律。《礼记·月令》:“仲夏之月……律中蕤宾。”古代以乐律的十二管同十二月之数相配合,十二管之一的蕤宾与五月相合,故称五月为蕤宾。
清朝(zhāo):清晨。飔(sī):凉风。
驶:迅捷,疾速。迟:迟缓,缓慢。
重云:层层乌云。
闲雨:指小雨。
流目:犹“游目”,随意观览瞻望。西园:陶渊明不大可能有几个园,此或谓园之西。
烨(yè)烨:光华灿烂的样子。荣:开花。
奈何:无可奈何。
感物:有感于物。
靡(mǐ)所挥:没有酒饮。挥,形容举杯而饮的动作。一说“挥”是“发挥壮志”之意。
悠悠:长久。待秋稼:等待秋收。
寥(liáo)落:稀疏。赊(shē)迟:迟缓,渺茫,引申为稀少。无所获。
逸想:遐想。淹:滞留,深入。
猖狂:恣意放纵,这里指感情激烈。
参考资料:
1、郭维森 包景诚.陶渊明集全译.贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1992:104-106
和胡西曹示顾贼曹创作背景
这一首诗作年无考,研究陶诗的人,有把它系于晋安帝元兴二年癸卯(403年)的。
参考资料:
1、吴小如 等.汉魏六朝诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1992:500-501
和胡西曹示顾贼曹鉴赏
此诗起四句直写当前气候,说在阴历五月的一天早晨,吹起南风,不快不慢,飘动着诗人的衣服。风是夏天“清朝”中的“南颸”,飘衣送凉,气象是清爽的。接着两句,不交代转变过程,便紧接着写“重云蔽白日,闲雨纷微微。”由晴到雨,似颇突然。以上六句是面的总写,一般叙述,不多描绘。
“流目”四句,由面移到一个点。先写诗人在清风微雨中,转眼观看西园,见园中紫葵生长得“晔晔”繁荣,虽作集中,亦只叙述。上文的叙事写景,直贯到此;而对着紫葵,忽产生一种感慨:“于今甚可爱,奈何当复衰!”感慨也来得突然,但内容还属一般,属于人们对事物常有的盛衰之感。这里转为抒情。下面两句:“感物愿及时,每恨靡所挥。”承前两句,抒情又由点到面,同时由对客观事物的反映转到对自身的表白,扩大一步,提高一步,句法同样有点突然,而内容却不一般了。陶渊明本是有志于济世的人,被迫过隐居生活,从紫葵的荣晔易衰而联想自己不能及时发挥壮志,建立功业,这种触动内心痛处的感受,本来也是自然的,不妨明白直说,可诗中偏不说出“愿及时”愿的是什么,“靡所挥”挥的是什么,而是留给读者自行领会。
上文各以六句成片,结尾以四句成片。这四句由思想上的“恨”转到写生活上的困难,以及在困难中不可抑制的更强烈的思想活动。“悠悠待秋稼,寥落将赊迟。”等到秋天庄稼收成,有粮食不继的迫切问题。处境如此,还有上文的为外物而感慨,为壮志而感伤的闲情,在常人眼中,已未免迂疏可笑;而况下文所写,还有“不可淹(抑遏)”的“逸想”和什么“猖狂”的情感或行动,冷静一想,也未免自觉“可悲”了。有了“悠悠”两句,则上下文的思想感情,都变成出于常情之外,那末作者之非常人也就不言可喻了。把“不常”写得似乎可笑可悲,实际上是无意中反映了他的可钦可敬。
这首诗在陶诗中是写得较平凡的,朴质无华,它的转接突然的地方,也表现它的“放”和“直”,即放手抒写,直截不费结撰。但也有它的含蓄,有它的似拙而实高,它的奇特过人,即不露痕迹地表现作者襟怀的开阔和高远。
联系当时的时代背景和作者的处境,“猖狂”的来龙去脉,也就有迹可寻,即是对于黑暗、险恶的政局和自身抱负莫展的愤激。把这些诗句都作赋体看,诗中表现出诗人的政治热肠和人生态度,表现出他高出常人的地方,即在艰难的生活中不忘济世。诗写得很随便,却有深远的意境。
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陶渊明《
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和胡西曹示顾贼曹》
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苏轼《
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好事近·湖上》
陶渊明简介
唐代·陶渊明的简介
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陶渊明(约365年—427年),字元亮,(又一说名潜,字渊明)号五柳先生,私谥“靖节”,东晋末期南朝宋初期诗人、文学家、辞赋家、散文家。汉族,东晋浔阳柴桑人(今江西九江)。曾做过几年小官,后辞官回家,从此隐居,田园生活是陶渊明诗的主要题材,相关作品有《饮酒》、《归园田居》、《桃花源记》、《五柳先生传》、《归去来兮辞》等。
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董纪
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一曲清泠水,深如濯锦江。啭枝花底鸟,吠窦月中厖。
鱼罧通西泖,茶烟起北窗。许多幽隐趣,不让鹿门庞。