夜行船·正月十八日闻卖杏花有感
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宋代]:史达祖
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不剪春衫愁意态。过收灯、有些寒在。小雨空帘,无人深巷,已早杏花先卖。
白发潘郎宽沈带。怕看山、忆他眉黛。草色拖裙,烟光惹鬓,常记故园挑菜。
夜行船·正月十八日闻卖杏花有感译文及注释
译文
无意缝制春衫,春来一副愁苦样态。已经过了元宵灯节,仍然有袭人的寒气在。霏霏细雨家家门帘虚掩,深巷寂寂无人影,却早有杏花儿叫卖声。
白发潘郎的我,腰身瘦损宽衣带,害怕看那苍翠的远山,那会让我忆起她的眉黛。绿草茵茵,像她拖到地面的长裙。迷蒙的云烟,令人想起她如云的双鬓。故乡二月二的挑菜节又快到了,常想起和她相见的情景。
注释
夜行船:此调又名“明月棹孤舟”。双调五十五字或五十六字,仄韵格。
剪:裁剪。
收灯:宋代习俗,正月十五日元宵节前后数日燃灯纵赏,赏毕收灯,市人争先出城探春。过收灯:指过了收花灯的时间。
白发潘郎:潘岳中年鬓发斑白。潘郎:借指妇女所爱慕的男子。
宽沈带:指沈约因瘦损而衣带宽,此句为自指。
眉黛:古代女子用黛画眉,因此称眉为“眉黛”。
挑菜:唐代风俗,农历二月初二曲江拾菜,士民观游其间,谓之挑菜节。
参考资料:
1、《唐宋词鉴赏辞典》(南宋·辽·金卷).上海辞书出版社,1988年版,第2634页
2、郑在瀛 张声启.《中国历代爱情诗萃》.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003年01月:第413页
夜行船·正月十八日闻卖杏花有感创作背景
开禧二年(1206年),韩侂胄北伐金国失败,次年被诛,史达祖曾是权相韩侂胄门下掾吏,极受倚信,宋国伐金失败,他亦受牵连被贬出京。作者正当中年,心中多悱恻悲怨之情,他于正月十八日听到街上叫卖杏花的声音,感慨物是人非写下此词。
参考资料:
1、林力 肖剑.《宋词鉴赏大典 (上、中、下卷)》.北京:长征出版社,1999年11月:第1403页
夜行船·正月十八日闻卖杏花有感鉴赏
词的首句极写春日无聊况味。“不剪春衫”,有两重意:一是无人为剪春衫,一是无意出外春游。作者在《寿楼春·寻春服感念》词中写道:“裁春衫寻芳。记金刀素手,同在晴窗。”此时心事重重,意趣索然,唯有闭门不出。“愁意态”三字,补足句意。次句转接得极妙,仿佛是由于春寒料峭才不剪春衫,用意便觉渺远。元宵节赏完收灯,本该出门去探春,可是,作者却无心探春,只轻点一笔“有些寒在”,便把词人难以为怀的境况托出,为下片追忆往事作了铺垫。接以“小雨”三句,写听到卖杏花的情景。尽管词人意绪寥落,不愿出门探春,可是,春天的信息还是传到这无人的深巷中。写杏花之诗,宋人多有佳句,陈与义云:“杏花消息雨声中”,陆游云“小楼一夜听春雨,深巷明朝卖杏花”,皆脍炙人口,而此词云“小雨空帘,无人深巷,已早杏花先卖”,余韵悠长,却是典型的词语。在恼人的春寒中,帘外,飘洒着丝丝细雨,深巷里阒寂无人,忽然,传来了叫卖杏花的声音,勾起了词人无名的怅惘。情与景遇,一拍即合,下文便转入感慨与追忆。
“白发潘郎宽沈带”,是关键之笔。晋代潘岳《秋兴赋》中说自己三十二岁时便鬓发斑白,南朝梁沈约在写给徐勉的信中说自己因病消瘦,腰带也觉得宽了。潘鬓沈腰,是诗词中常用的典实。点出愁怨与无奈,芳节重临,年华荏苒,索居憔悴,往事凄迷——“怕看山、忆他眉黛”,至此方转入正题,点出佳节不出的真正原因,与上文“不剪春衫”等语相呼应。《西京杂记》描写卓文君“眉色如望远山”,故诗词中常将佳人之眉与青山互喻。作者《绮罗香》词云“隐约遥峰,和泪谢娘眉妩”,而此词说怕看山而想起伊人的眉黛,当有同样的感受。末三句,尽态极妍,辞情俱到,诚为妙笔。念念不忘的是伊人当年在故园中踏青挑菜的情景;她那绿如芳草的罗裙,拖曳在如茵的芳草地上;春日的艳阳,透过烟霭,斜照着她如云的鬓发。结句为全词着意所在。二月二日,为“挑菜节”,城中士女相率到郊外或园林中游现戏乐,这也是男女约会幽欢的好时机。题中“闻卖杏花有感”之意,至此全出。正月十八收灯之后,再过十多天便是挑菜节,卖花声声,触起心中的隐痛,中年情怀,就更是难堪了。
上下片今昔对比,均以清丽之笔出之,写芳春景物情事,风致嫣然,唯于两片首句略点愁意,正见梅溪词笔高处。
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佚名《
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一剪梅·漠漠春阴酒半酣》
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谢逸《
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蝶恋花·豆蔻梢头春色浅》
史达祖简介
唐代·史达祖的简介
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史达祖1163~1220?年,字邦卿,号梅溪,汴(河南开封)人。一生未中第,早年任过幕僚。韩侂胄当国时,他是最亲信的堂吏,负责撰拟文书。韩败,史牵连受黥刑,死于贫困中。史达祖的词以咏物为长,其中不乏身世之感。他还在宁宗朝北行使金,这一部分的北行词,充满了沉痛的家国之感。今传有《梅溪词》。存词112首。
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