清平乐·平原放马
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宋代]：张炎
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辔摇衔铁。蹴踏平原雪。勇趁军声曾汗血。闲过升平时节。
茸茸春草天涯。涓涓野水晴沙。多少骅骝老去，至今犹困盐车。
清平乐·平原放马鉴赏
这首《清平乐》，写的是作者看到在平原上放牧过去的战马所引起的感慨。
上片主要写马。“辔摇衔铁”两句，描写一匹戴着笼头的马，在主人的驾驭之下，奔走在残留着冬雪的辽阔平原上。“辔[pèi]”是马缰绳，“衔铁”，马嚼子，即横放在马嘴里两端连着缰绳的小铁链。“蹴[cù]”是踢、踏的意思。“摇”字和“蹴踏”两字，把马的动态写得很传神。“勇趁军声曾汗血，闲过升平时节”，“趁”在这里是追逐的意思，“军声”指战斗时的鼓角声、呐喊声之类。“汗血”古代良马名，据说能日行千里，流的汗呈鲜红色，就象血一样。这匹战马曾经是听到战斗号令就勇猛地冲杀、为国家立过功劳的，现在它却闲着过太平日子！这里有点讽刺意味，因为南宋王朝始终处于严重的内忧外患之下，所谓“升平”，不过是昏庸的统治者制造的假象罢了。久经沙场的战马渴望投入战斗，就象有才能的人渴望为国家出力一样，可是当权者却根本不顾国家危亡，一味粉饰太平。作者就通过战马被闲置来含蓄地表露了这种思想。
下片进一步用比喻手法揭示朝廷用人不当。“茸茸春草”两句是写春天田野的景象：春天里，到处长满了花草，涓涓的小溪流水声，也听得分外真切；在阳光的照耀下，连溪底的沙石都看得清清楚楚。“茸茸[róng]”，形容春草柔嫩的样子。“天涯”，天边，这里形容春草遍地。“涓涓[juān]”，形容流水声。“野水”，野外小溪里的流水。“晴沙”，指太阳照在小溪里，水流清澈，能够看见水底的沙石。冬去春来，时间在流逝。那些令人关切的骏马景况怎么样了呢？“多少骅骝老去，至今犹困盐车”，是说：不少千里马渐渐老去，却仍然不让它们发挥所长，偏要把它们死死束缚在盐车上。显然，这是对南宋当局浪费人才的抨击。“骅骝[huáliú]”，骏马名，指千里马。“盐车”，运盐的车子。拉盐车是一种粗笨的活，用千里马去拉盐车，比喻大材小用。作者虽然没有直接评论时政，但言下之意是十分清楚的。在“骅骝”拉“盐车”的尖锐对照中，“骅骝老去”，“犹困盐车”，不是寄寓着作者的无限感慨吗？
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曾觌《
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阮郎归·柳阴庭院占风光》
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白居易《
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花非花》
张炎简介
唐代·张炎的简介
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张炎（1248年－1320年），字叔夏，号玉田，晚年号乐笑翁。祖籍陕西凤翔。六世祖张俊，宋朝著名将领。父张枢，“西湖吟社”重要成员，妙解音律，与著名词人周密相交。张炎是勋贵之后，前半生居于临安，生活优裕，而宋亡以后则家道中落，晚年漂泊落拓。著有《山中白云词》，存词302首。张炎另一重要的贡献在于创作了中国最早的词论专著《词源》，总结整理了宋末雅词一派的主要艺术思想与成就，其中以“清空”，“骚雅”为主要主张。
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