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鹧鸪天·寒日萧萧上琐窗

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宋代
]:李清照


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寒日萧萧上琐窗,梧桐应恨夜来霜。酒阑更喜团茶苦,梦断偏宜瑞脑香。

秋已尽,日犹长,仲宣怀远更凄凉。不如随分尊前醉,莫负东篱菊蕊黄。

鹧鸪天·寒日萧萧上琐窗译文及注释

译文

深秋惨淡的阳光渐渐地照到镂刻着花纹的窗子上,梧桐树也应该怨恨夜晚来袭的寒霜。酒后更喜欢品尝团茶的浓酽苦味,梦中醒来特别适宜嗅闻瑞脑那沁人心脾的余香。

秋天快要过去了,依然觉得白昼非常漫长。比起王粲《登楼赋》所抒发的怀乡情,我觉得更加凄凉。不如学学陶渊明,沉醉酒中以摆脱忧愁,不要辜负东篱盛开的菊花。

注释

萧萧:凄清冷落的样子。原为象声词,如风声、雨声、草木摇落声、马蹄声。《诗经·小雅·车攻》有“萧萧马鸣”,《楚辞·九怀·蓄英》有“秋风兮萧萧”,《史记·刺客列传》有“风萧萧兮易水寒”。琐窗:镂刻连锁纹饰之窗户。多本作锁窗,当以琐窗为胜。

酒阑:酒尽,酒酣。阑:残,尽,晚。司马迁《史记·高祖本纪》有“酒阑”,裴骃集解曰“阑,言希也。谓饮酒者半罢半在,谓之阑。”文选·谢庄《宋孝武宣贵妃诔》有“白露凝兮岁将阑”,李善注曰“阑,犹晚也”。团茶:团片状之茶饼,饮用时则碾碎之。宋代有龙团、凤团、小龙团等多种品种,比较名贵。欧阳修《归田录》卷二:“茶之品,莫贵于龙凤,谓之团茶,凡八饼重一斤。”

瑞脑:即龙涎香,一名龙脑香。

仲宣:王粲,字仲宣,汉末文学家,“建安七子”之一。其《登楼赋》抒写去国怀乡之思,驰名文坛。

随分:随便,随意。尊前:指宴席上。尊:同“樽”。

东篱菊蕊黄:化用陶渊明《饮酒二十首》的“采菊东篱下”句。

鹧鸪天·寒日萧萧上琐窗创作背景

  这首词写秋景,寄乡愁,应是李清照晚期作品。依词中“仲宣怀远”和“莫负东篱”两句,这首词大概作于李清照南渡后不久,时间大约是公元1128年(宋高宗建炎二年),那时赵明诚正在江宁任知府。此词写作时间尚有争议。

鹧鸪天·寒日萧萧上琐窗鉴赏

  这首词的感情调子是比较低沉的。社会乱离,客居异地,词人在词中寄托了家国之思,有着身世飘零的感遇。

  “寒日萧萧上琐窗,梧桐应恨夜来霜。”

  “寒日”,是说阳光有些惨淡、冷清。词中所写是秋天,并非冬日。太阳慢慢升高了,一点一点照射到窗上,看上去很明亮,却给人以冷落萧索之感。“萧萧”,一般用来形容风雨,这里是说阳光给人的感觉,就如同萧瑟的秋风一样,有些凄冷。用“萧萧”形容“寒日”,一下子便给深秋的清晨带来迟暮的气氛,也为全词点染了一个色调凄清的背景。“琐窗”,雕刻有连环图案的窗子。从它前面的“上”字来看,太阳光照射到窗上,有一个慢慢移动的过程,说明主人公一直久久地注视着,心绪茫然。“琐”,一作“锁”。

  “梧桐”一句,又在凄清中抹上了一层暗淡的色彩。主人公朝窗外望去,曾经茂盛苍翠的梧桐树无言独立,一枝一叶似乎都凝结着愁怨:它们一定是对夜间的寒霜心有恨意吧。梧桐因天气转冷、霜露渐重而开始落叶凋零,但草木无知,本不能恨,词人采用拟人的手法,将自己的感受融入其中。其时,清照遭遇国难,流落他乡,逢秋作客,不禁倍感凄清和愁怨。不过,她并不直抒胸臆,而是含而不露,移情入景,借梧桐之恨,传达自己的情绪。

  “酒阑更喜团茶苦,梦断偏宜瑞脑香。”

  “酒阑”,即酒意将尽。主人公喝完酒后,再喝上几杯团茶,那又浓又苦的滋味正是她所喜好。“团茶”即茶饼,宋代有为进贡而特制的龙团、凤团,印有龙凤纹,最为名贵。茶能解酒,特喜苦茶,说明酒饮得很多。主人公并非酒徒,其所以如此,无非是心情苦闷,借酒排遣。从梦中醒来之后,只觉瑞脑散发出的清香,沁人心脾。“瑞脑”,熏香名,又名龙脑,以龙脑木蒸馏而成。至于她做的是什么梦,又因何而断,这都留给读者去想象。

  这两句叙写主人公在寂寞秋日自遣自慰的情状。“更喜”和“偏宜”两词,表面上写乐,实际上是写悲。酒饮得多,表明愁重。苦茶虽宜解酒,但那只是生理上的。精神上的苦闷,根本不是借酒浇愁、饮茶解醉所能排解。“偏宜”,表面是说香气宜人,实则是说环境的清冷静寂,因为只有在这样的环境中,才能让人更加明显地感觉到熏香的香气。主人公在燃香独坐、默然沉思中,似乎获得了片刻的宁静,但其内心深处,仍是愁云恨雾,挥之不去。这种以闲写愁的笔法,是很耐人寻味的。

  “秋已尽,日犹长,仲宣怀远更凄凉。”

  秋天已经过完,白天还是那么长,比起仲宣怀念远方家乡,主人公更觉凄凉。夏至以后,白天逐渐变短,到秋尽时,主人公却觉得白天还是那么长。看似无理,实则有因。终日被思念故土的愁苦所煎熬,自然会产生日长难挨、度日如年的感觉。

  “仲宣”一句用了王粲的典故。王粲(177-217),字仲宣,山阳高平(今山东邹县)人,少时即以文才见长,是“建安七子”之一。董卓之乱时,他避乱荆州,依附刘表,但未被重用。在荆州他写了《登楼赋》,抒发壮志未酬、怀乡思归的抑郁心情。此时,词人因“靖康之难”、北宋沦亡而背井离乡,其身世、情怀与仲宣相仿,故借以自况,其思归不得的幽怨之情似乎还要强烈,因此说“更凄凉”。这一典故的容量是很大的,包含了道不尽的身世之感、乱离之苦。

  “不如随分尊前醉,莫负东篱菊蕊黄。”

  “随分”,随便,含有随遇而安的意思。飘零的命运不知何时才能结束,日思夜想的故土不知何日才能重归,总不能一直凄凉感伤,被无边的愁苦压倒吧。不如端起杯中美酒,随意痛饮,别辜负了东篱盛开的菊花。“东篱”,种菊花的地方,语出陶渊明《饮酒》诗:“采菊东篱下,悠然见南山。”

  本来是借酒浇愁,却又故作达观;而表面上的达观,实际隐含着悲愁难遣的家国之思。因此,把酒对菊绝非赏心乐事,而是一种无可奈何的自我排遣。这种自宽自慰的说法,看似轻松,实则含怨。


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渔家傲·平岸小桥千嶂抱》


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李清照简介

唐代·李清照的简介


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李清照


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李清照(1084年3月13日~1155年5月12日)号易安居士,汉族,山东省济南章丘人。宋代(南北宋之交)女词人,婉约词派代表,有“千古第一才女”之称。所作词,前期多写其悠闲生活,后期多悲叹身世,情调感伤。形式上善用白描手法,自辟途径,语言清丽。论词强调协律,崇尚典雅,提出词“别是一家”之说,反对以作诗文之法作词。能诗,留存不多,部分篇章感时咏史,情辞慷慨,与其词风不同。有《易安居士文集》《易安词》,已散佚。后人有《漱玉词》辑本。今有《李清照集校注》。

...〔 ► 李清照的诗(119篇)

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宋代

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释文珦


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介特无门徒,室亦如垂罄。

隤然类枯株,聊以养衰病。


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送张静峰年兄赴河南别驾二首 其一


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明代

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于慎行


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十年南省客,半刺领东周。马向雪中去,人称洛下游。

关河三辅道,云物二陵秋。别思还萧索,寒塘水自流。


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满江红


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清代

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陆求可


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蝶粉蜂黄,才过了、牡丹天气。朱槛外、石榴红绽,照人衣袂。

芳草堤边鸦影乱,垂杨岸上莺声碎。正新裁、纨扇手中携,槐阴憩。


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送张晋台博士宰徐闻


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明代

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于慎行


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诸生祖帐拥离颜,云际飞凫不可攀。万里天悬琼岛月,三秋人住谷城山。

梅花北岭通闽路,海水南头望汉关。此日鲛人愁正极,因君欲见去珠还。


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贺王郎季辅新补博士弟子


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明代

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于慎行


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诸生鲁国受经初,标格王郎玉不如。倚马旧传文考赋,笼鹅雅学右军书。

家声此日标琼树,世业当年论石渠。手泽应须开万卷,早怀三荣诣公车。


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送王恪司门知绛州


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宋代

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文同


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绛守园池天下夸,绍述有记词聱牙。

苍官青土左右树,神君仙人高下花。