调笑令·边草
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唐代]：戴叔伦
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边草，边草，边草尽来兵老。山南山北雪晴，
千里万里月明。明月，明月，胡笳一声愁绝。
调笑令·边草译文及注释
译文
边塞的野草啊，边塞的野草！野草枯尽时。戍边的兵士已老。山南山北雪后放睛，千里万里处处月明。明月啊，明月！远处传来胡笳一声，令人肠断欲绝。
注释
调笑令：词牌名。唐·白居易《代书诗一百韵寄微之》曰：“打嫌《调笑》易，饮讶《卷波》迟。”自注：“抛打曲有《调笑令》，饮酒曲有《卷白波》。”词调名盖本唐曲。此调为单调，八句，三十二字。第四、五句押平声韵，其余各句均押仄声韵。其中第二句叠用第一句，第七句叠用第六句，第六句颠倒第五句末二字而成。
边草：边塞之草。此草秋天干枯变白，为牛马所食。
尽：死。
雪晴：下过大雪后放晴。
月明：月色皎洁。
胡笳（jiā）：一种流行于北方游牧民族地区的管乐器，汉魏鼓吹乐常用之。
绝：极，很，表示事物程度的副词。
参考资料：
1、龚学文 ．《闺秀词三百首》 ．桂林 ：漓江出版社 ，1996 ：326-327 ．
2、乔力 ．《唐五代词选》 ．北京 ：人民文学出版社 ，2000 ：10 ．
3、綦文霞 ．《历代词精品百首》 ．长春 ：北方妇女儿童出版社 ，1996 ：15 ．
4、卢冀宁，汪维懋 ．《历代边塞诗词选析》 ．北京 ：军事谊文出版社 ，1997 ：180 ．
5、《新编古汉语常用字字典》编委会 ．《新编古汉语常用字字典》 ．长春 ：吉林出版集团有限责任公司 ，2011 ．
调笑令·边草创作背景
唐朝时期，政府在边地设立都护府，管理边地事务。很多士兵驻扎在边地，边地战事不断，士兵生活悲苦。这首词是作者为了表达边塞士兵渴望回归故乡的愿望而作。
参考资料：
1、童辉 ．《一生最爱古诗词》 ．北京 ：外文出版社 ，2012 ：307 ．
调笑令·边草鉴赏
这是一首反映边地戍卒思归情绪的小令，这类题材在唐诗中多得不可胜计，但在词中却很少见。盛唐时代的诗人们都向往到边塞建功立业，所以岑参等人笔下的边塞风光无比壮丽，充满乐观的情调。但到了中唐时代，情况不同了，李益的边塞诗就有一种凄凉的气氛，不少诗篇描写边地戍卒的思乡怀归和哀怨情绪。戴叔伦此词所写也是这种思想情绪，但写得非常含蓄深沉。
开头“边草”两字重叠，固是词调格律的要求，而在这里使人联想到一望无际的草原，显示出空间的寥阔，同时点明边塞的地理环境，渲染了荒凉的气氛。接着“边草尽来兵老”一句，写时间之悠长。边草一次次从生长到枯萎，戍卒年年盼归，从青年到衰老。值得注意的是以“草尽”烘托“兵老”，还暗寓着统治者把戍卒当作“边草”一样看待的意思，表现出作者对统治者不管戍卒死活的斥责和抗议，寄托着对戍卒遭遇的深切同情。
中间一联对句，非常工整。“山南山北雪晴，千里万里月明。”前句写边塞冰天雪地，一片银白，“山南山北”点明白雪覆盖面之广阔，“晴”字点明飘雪已经停止，同时为下句的“月明”作铺垫。下句写白雪衬托下的月色分外皎洁，“千里万里”写月亮普照之广，同时也暗寓着边塞与家乡相隔之遥远。人隔两地，但所望之月是同一个月，所以明月是最易引起怀人思乡之景，李白著名的诗篇《静夜思》就是描绘见月思乡的情景，唐代写望月怀乡的诗篇不胜枚计。接着又按格律要求叠用“明月，明月”，使读者更体会到：戍卒面对明月，思乡怀人之情更切，似乎戍卒的思想已长着翅膀飞回了家乡。
结句“胡笳一声愁绝”，一声胡笳使戍卒从思乡梦中惊醒过来，原来自己仍旧身在边地，最后用“愁绝”二字表现出戍卒的极端忧愁苦闷，同时也起了点明主题的作用。
全词没有出现思乡怀人的字样，但句句都围绕着这一主题，其特点是全用景物烘托的手法。边地将尽的枯草，积满山岭的冰雪，晴朗夜空的明月，凄凉悲切的胡笳声，所有这些景物描写，都是为了烘托戍卒的心情，有了前面的层层铺垫，最后用“愁绝”二字点明，就显得心情特别沉重而有力。
此词的另一特点是重叠的结构形式。按照词的格律要求，全词有两对叠句，这种重叠通过重复歌咏可加强感情的抒发，同时也起了加深意境的作甩。“边草”重叠，形成一种荒凉的意境，描写了戍卒的活动背景，也烘托出戍卒空虚凄凉的心境，这就与单用“边草”二字的作用不同。“明月”重叠，一方面是上句末尾“月明”二字的颠倒，使之与上句转折呼应，这也是转应曲词调的格律要求，形成上下句勾连的格局，可产生回环往复的韵致，另一方面，“明月”二字的重叠，造成了一种明月普照的柔和氛围，烘托出了戍卒思乡怀人的强烈不安的情绪。
全词意境极为深沉含蓄，是中唐文人词中难得的一篇佳作。
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戴叔伦简介
唐代·戴叔伦的简介
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戴叔伦(732—789)，唐代诗人，字幼公（一作次公），润州金坛(今属江苏)人。年轻时师事萧颖士。曾任新城令、东阳令、抚州刺史、容管经略使。晚年上表自请为道士。其诗多表现隐逸生活和闲适情调，但《女耕田行》、《屯田词》等篇也反映了人民生活的艰苦。论诗主张“诗家之景，如蓝田日暖，良玉生烟，可望而不可置于眉睫之前”。其诗体裁皆有所涉猎。
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宋代：
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葛起耕
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银阙书飞急羽忙，料应滕六奏虚皇。
要将阆苑蓬壶水，幻作琼林玉树芳。