画工弃市
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魏晋]：葛洪
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元帝后宫既多，不得常见，乃使画工图形，案图召幸之。诸宫人皆赂画工，多者十万，少者亦不减五万。独王嫱不肯，遂不得见。匈奴入朝，求美人为阏氏。于是上案图，以昭君行。及去，召见，貌为后宫第一，善应付，举止优雅。帝悔之，而名籍已定。帝重信于外国，故不复更人。乃穷案其事，画工皆弃市，籍其家，资皆巨万。画工有杜陵毛延寿，为人形，丑好老少，必得其真；安陵陈敞、新丰刘白、龚宽，并工为牛马飞鸟众势，人形好丑，不逮延寿、下杜阳望亦善画，尤善布色，樊育亦善布色：同日弃市。京师画工于是差稀。
画工弃市译文及注释
译文
汉元帝后宫里的宫女已经够多了，不能经常见到，（元帝）就让画工画像，根据图象的面貌召见宠幸。所有宫女都贿赂画工，多的达十万贿钱，少的也有五万多。只有王嫱不肯行贿，因此就得不到皇帝的召见。匈奴来朝拜，想求得美人做王后。于是皇帝察看图象，让王昭君去匈奴。临去时召见她，长相是皇宫里最美的，而且擅长对答，举止沉静文雅。皇帝很后悔，但是名册已经定下来了。皇帝对外国注重信义，所以不再换人。就追究查明行贿画工的这件事，画工都被在市中斩首，抄没画工的家产，都有亿万巨额。画工有杜陵毛延寿，画人像，无论丑的美的老的少的，他都能画的跟真的一样；安陵陈敞，新丰刘白、龚宽，一起画牛马飞鸟的各种姿势，画人物他们不如毛延寿，下杜阳望也擅长画人物画，尤其善于着色，樊育也善于着色，但他们一天被杀了，京城的画工因此而比较少了。
注释
元帝：指汉元帝。后宫：指后宫美女。
案：通“按”，意思是按照。
幸：宠幸，指的帝王对后妃的宠爱。
赂：赠送财物。
不减：不少于。
阏氏（yān zhī）：汉时匈奴单于之妻的称号，即匈奴皇后之号。
行：前行，这里指出嫁。
闲雅：亦作“娴雅”，从容大方。
名籍：记名入册。
穷案：彻底追查。
弃市：古时在闹市执行死刑，并把尸体暴露街头。
籍：登记，抄查没收。
画工弃市鉴赏
本文选自《西京杂记》。作者葛洪，字稚川，东晋丹阳句容县人。文中通过封建帝王宫中生活的一个侧面，无情地揭露了汉元帝们的荒淫糜烂，醉生梦死。美丽正直的王嫱（昭君）因不肯贿赂画工，而未能得到皇帝的宠幸，最后落得远嫁匈奴的不幸下场；因此后人很多文学作品以“昭君出塞”为题材，替王昭君鸣不平，借以讽刺汉元帝，痛骂利欲熏心的画工毛延寿；表达了中华民间爱憎分明的纯朴民情风俗。
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木兰花·乙卯吴兴寒食》
葛洪简介
唐代·葛洪的简介
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葛洪(公元284～364年)，字稚川，自号抱朴子，东晋著名医药学家.汉族，晋丹阳郡(今江苏句容)人。三国方士葛玄之侄孙，世称小仙翁。葛洪是中国东晋时期有名的医生，是预防医学的介导者。著有《肘后方》，书中最早记载一些传染病如天花、恙虫病症侯及诊治。“天行发斑疮”是全世界最早有关天花的记载。其在炼丹方面也颇有心得，丹书《抱朴子·内篇》具体地描写了炼制金银丹药等多方面有关化学的知识，也介绍了许多物质性质和物质变化。葛稚川移居图轴》元王蒙绘，故宫博物院藏。《人物图·葛仙吐火图》明郭诩绘，上海博物馆藏。
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