焚书坑
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唐代]：罗隐
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千载遗踪一窖尘，路傍耕者亦伤神。
祖龙算事浑乖角，将谓诗书活得人。
焚书坑译文及注释
译文
千年留下的书籍，被烧成一窖灰尘，路旁种田的农民也感到很伤神。
秦皇计算事务真是机灵聪明，以为人们读书多，就能活得比别人好。
注释
遗踪：指写在竹简、丝绢等上的诸子百家的书籍。一窖尘：一坑尘土。
祖龙：指秦始皇。乖角：机灵聪明。
焚书坑创作背景
人类历史上的专制者各有各的愚民术和御民术，但有一招，是他们都尝试过的，那就是钳制思想，管制言论，垄断文化，推行文字狱。历史一次又一次证明，防民之口，甚于防川，独裁者依然前赴后继，依然自以为是地享受着“文字狱”的盛宴。关于秦始皇的“焚书坑”，历史上感叹的人很多，罗隐这首《焚书坑》即是其一。
参考资料：
1、余党绪．古典诗歌的生命情怀：上海教育出版社，2014：236
焚书坑鉴赏
这是一首直接歌咏历史题材，表达作者议论见解的咏史诗。它跳出了一般咏史诗的窠臼，从另一个角度写秦始皇的“焚书坑儒”，含蓄而有新意。
诗的前两句以看似平实之笔叙说了诗人所见：当年秦始皇焚书之处历经千年，已成为历史陈迹，除去满洞穴的尘土外什么也没有了，就过路旁的农夫看到这荒凉景象也感到伤心。这两句既交代了吟咏的历史事件，又从侧面写出了诗人的感慨，看似“无我”，实则“有我”。试想：历史上秦始皇焚书的暴行，是一场民族文化的大劫难。许多优秀的书籍被付之一炬，使每一个视书为生命的读书入念此而心痛，千年之后的罗隐亦不例外。但诗人的高明之处就在于他没有直写自己的感慨，而是借写自己的所见，借写他人的感受来表现这种感慨。一个不识诗书的农夫尚且“伤神”，罗隐作为一个读书人，自然更是感伤至极，这一点，读者一想即知，不说胜似多说。这种融思想感情于叙事当中、融丰富内容于平实当中的写法，既简明经济，又韵味无穷，不由人不赞叹诗人运用语言、高度概括的功力。
诗的三四句，写诗人的议论，揭示秦始皇焚书的原因。意谓秦始皇谋划事情还真聪明，他认为烧毁书籍就能保秦王朝永在，赢代政权永存。一般的咏史诗，作者都是从客观的角度，或赞或贬自己所吟咏的历史事件及人物，而罗隐却不是这样处理的。他是带着嘲讽的语气，从揣测秦始皇主观心态的角度，轻轻一笔写就的。这里诗人不用始皇而用“祖龙”，本身就具有强烈的讽刺意味。据《史记·秦始皇本纪》记载，秦始皇曾对“祖龙”自作解释说：“祖龙者，人之先也。”他要做诸“龙”之先，然后传诸子孙万代。既如此，诗人就用“祖龙”来称呼他，但实质是仅其意而用之，绝非单纯地使用典故。秦始皇为当初采纳李斯的奏议，烧毁了他认为是祸乱根源的“百家之言”，主观上是要推行“以愚黔首”的愚民政策，借以维护其政治统治，达到传二世、三世以至万世之目的。这样的打算是荒谬的，仅是一厢情愿而已。因为历史的发展是不以人的意志为转移的，焚书之后没几年，义军四起，赢氏政权很快就成了一个短命王朝，对于这些与秦始皇主观设想背道而驰的历史事实，罗隐是再清楚不过了。但是诗人并没有像其他后世文人那样去正面议论，直抒胸臆，猛烈地抨击谴责秦始皇所为之荒谬，残暴，而是以较为轻松的似乎是局外人的语气，通过“浑乖角”这样的词语表达自己的揶揄嘲讽之意，不露锋芒而又锋利无比，无情地鞭挞了秦始皇焚书的暴行，深刻地讽刺了秦始皇的异想天开，真可谓匠心独运，曲折达意而又深刻有力。
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纳兰性德《
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马致远《
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四块玉·马嵬坡》
罗隐简介
唐代·罗隐的简介
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罗隐（833-909），字昭谏，新城（今浙江富阳市新登镇）人，唐代诗人。生于公元833年（太和七年），大中十三年（公元859年）底至京师，应进士试，历七年不第。咸通八年（公元867年）乃自编其文为《谗书》，益为统治阶级所憎恶，所以罗衮赠诗说：“谗书虽胜一名休”。后来又断断续续考了几年，总共考了十多次，自称“十二三年就试期”，最终还是铩羽而归，史称“十上不第”。黄巢起义后，避乱隐居九华山，光启三年（公元887年），55岁时归乡依吴越王钱镠，历任钱塘令、司勋郎中、给事中等职。公元909年（五代后梁开平三年）去世，享年77岁。
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