焚书坑
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唐代]:罗隐
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千载遗踪一窖尘,路傍耕者亦伤神。
祖龙算事浑乖角,将谓诗书活得人。
焚书坑译文及注释
译文
千年留下的书籍,被烧成一窖灰尘,路旁种田的农民也感到很伤神。
秦皇计算事务真是机灵聪明,以为人们读书多,就能活得比别人好。
注释
遗踪:指写在竹简、丝绢等上的诸子百家的书籍。一窖尘:一坑尘土。
祖龙:指秦始皇。乖角:机灵聪明。
焚书坑创作背景
人类历史上的专制者各有各的愚民术和御民术,但有一招,是他们都尝试过的,那就是钳制思想,管制言论,垄断文化,推行文字狱。历史一次又一次证明,防民之口,甚于防川,独裁者依然前赴后继,依然自以为是地享受着“文字狱”的盛宴。关于秦始皇的“焚书坑”,历史上感叹的人很多,罗隐这首《焚书坑》即是其一。
参考资料:
1、余党绪.古典诗歌的生命情怀:上海教育出版社,2014:236
焚书坑鉴赏
这是一首直接歌咏历史题材,表达作者议论见解的咏史诗。它跳出了一般咏史诗的窠臼,从另一个角度写秦始皇的“焚书坑儒”,含蓄而有新意。
诗的前两句以看似平实之笔叙说了诗人所见:当年秦始皇焚书之处历经千年,已成为历史陈迹,除去满洞穴的尘土外什么也没有了,就过路旁的农夫看到这荒凉景象也感到伤心。这两句既交代了吟咏的历史事件,又从侧面写出了诗人的感慨,看似“无我”,实则“有我”。试想:历史上秦始皇焚书的暴行,是一场民族文化的大劫难。许多优秀的书籍被付之一炬,使每一个视书为生命的读书入念此而心痛,千年之后的罗隐亦不例外。但诗人的高明之处就在于他没有直写自己的感慨,而是借写自己的所见,借写他人的感受来表现这种感慨。一个不识诗书的农夫尚且“伤神”,罗隐作为一个读书人,自然更是感伤至极,这一点,读者一想即知,不说胜似多说。这种融思想感情于叙事当中、融丰富内容于平实当中的写法,既简明经济,又韵味无穷,不由人不赞叹诗人运用语言、高度概括的功力。
诗的三四句,写诗人的议论,揭示秦始皇焚书的原因。意谓秦始皇谋划事情还真聪明,他认为烧毁书籍就能保秦王朝永在,赢代政权永存。一般的咏史诗,作者都是从客观的角度,或赞或贬自己所吟咏的历史事件及人物,而罗隐却不是这样处理的。他是带着嘲讽的语气,从揣测秦始皇主观心态的角度,轻轻一笔写就的。这里诗人不用始皇而用“祖龙”,本身就具有强烈的讽刺意味。据《史记·秦始皇本纪》记载,秦始皇曾对“祖龙”自作解释说:“祖龙者,人之先也。”他要做诸“龙”之先,然后传诸子孙万代。既如此,诗人就用“祖龙”来称呼他,但实质是仅其意而用之,绝非单纯地使用典故。秦始皇为当初采纳李斯的奏议,烧毁了他认为是祸乱根源的“百家之言”,主观上是要推行“以愚黔首”的愚民政策,借以维护其政治统治,达到传二世、三世以至万世之目的。这样的打算是荒谬的,仅是一厢情愿而已。因为历史的发展是不以人的意志为转移的,焚书之后没几年,义军四起,赢氏政权很快就成了一个短命王朝,对于这些与秦始皇主观设想背道而驰的历史事实,罗隐是再清楚不过了。但是诗人并没有像其他后世文人那样去正面议论,直抒胸臆,猛烈地抨击谴责秦始皇所为之荒谬,残暴,而是以较为轻松的似乎是局外人的语气,通过“浑乖角”这样的词语表达自己的揶揄嘲讽之意,不露锋芒而又锋利无比,无情地鞭挞了秦始皇焚书的暴行,深刻地讽刺了秦始皇的异想天开,真可谓匠心独运,曲折达意而又深刻有力。
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马致远《
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四块玉·马嵬坡》
罗隐简介
唐代·罗隐的简介
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罗隐(833-909),字昭谏,新城(今浙江富阳市新登镇)人,唐代诗人。生于公元833年(太和七年),大中十三年(公元859年)底至京师,应进士试,历七年不第。咸通八年(公元867年)乃自编其文为《谗书》,益为统治阶级所憎恶,所以罗衮赠诗说:“谗书虽胜一名休”。后来又断断续续考了几年,总共考了十多次,自称“十二三年就试期”,最终还是铩羽而归,史称“十上不第”。黄巢起义后,避乱隐居九华山,光启三年(公元887年),55岁时归乡依吴越王钱镠,历任钱塘令、司勋郎中、给事中等职。公元909年(五代后梁开平三年)去世,享年77岁。
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