任弘农尉献州刺史乞假还京
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唐代]:李商隐
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黄昏封印点刑徒,愧负荆山入座隅。
却羡卞和双刖足,一生无复没阶趋。
任弘农尉献州刺史乞假还京译文及注释
译文
黄昏时候散衙封印,清点在押的囚徒,惭愧啊,有负你了,荆山,又映进座隅。
这时倒羡慕卞和,他被砍掉了双足,好免得一生一世,在阶前屈辱奔趋。
注释
弘农:今河南灵宝。尉:县尉,与县丞同为县令佐官,掌治安捕盗之事。乞假:请假。
封印:旧时官署于岁暮年初停止办公,称为“封印”。刑徒:受刑之人;囚徒。
愧负:自愧逊色。荆山:此处指虢州湖城县(今河南灵宝)南的荆山,乃传说中黄帝铸鼎处。座隅:座位的旁边。
卞(biàn)和:春秋楚人。相传他得玉璞,先后献给楚厉王和楚武王,都被认为欺诈,受刑砍去双脚。楚文王即位,他抱璞哭于荆山下,文王使人琢璞,得宝玉,名为“和氏璧”。刖(yuè)足:断足,是古代的一种酷刑。
没(mò)阶:尽阶,走完台阶,为迎送宾客的礼貌行为。趋:小步快走,表示恭敬。这里是用来状写身为县尉的诗人每日在官府趋奉奔走的情景。
参考资料:
1、陈永正.李商隐诗选译.成都:巴蜀书社,1991:50-51
任弘农尉献州刺史乞假还京创作背景
这首诗作于唐文宗开成四年(839)。当年李商隐再次应吏部试被录取,释褐为秘书省校书郎。这个职务虽为九品上阶,很容易升为翰林学士或知制诰之类。可是,由于朋党倾轧,他马上又被调补弘农尉。就在这种情形下他愤而辞职,这首诗就是当时他写给州刺史“乞假”的。
参考资料:
1、陈永正.李商隐诗选译.成都:巴蜀书社,1991:50-51
任弘农尉献州刺史乞假还京鉴赏
此诗一开头就从这卑微低贱的尉职说起,“黄昏封印点刑徒”,“封印”、“点刑徒”,这就是县尉每天黄昏时的例行公事。诗人不是含糊地一笔带过,而是具体地、不厌其烦地一一点出,更显示了这职责的无聊和不堪忍受。
第二句“愧负荆山入座隅”,与首句成一鲜明对比,以荆山的巍峨高耸反衬自己的沉沦下僚。李商隐赴弘农尉任时曾途经荆山,并写了一首《荆山》诗,诗云:“压河连华势孱颜,鸟没云归一望间。杨仆移关三百里,可能全是为荆山。”对荆山极力赞美,因此这里才顺手拈来反衬自己的处境。
诗的后两句是用典:相传春秋时楚人卞和在荆山(今湖北南漳县南)得到一块玉璞,曾献之于楚厉王和武王,都被误认为是石头,而以欺君之罪先后把他的双足砍掉。后来,楚文王即位,才使玉人治之,得宝玉,名之曰“和氏之璧”。卞和得璞的荆山与作者所在的荆山同名,故有这样的联想。卞和因献玉而两次被刖足,这是无比悲惨的遭遇。可是李商隐却希望自己能像卞和那样把双足砍断,这样,就再也不必在官府奉迎趋拜了,其惨烈又还迥出乎卞和之上。
李商隐写作曾被人讥为“獭祭鱼”,因为他很喜欢用典。其实李商隐诗的许多典故都是用得很成功的,比如这首诗,在用典上就有两点很值得注意:一是自然巧妙。诗人是从眼前的荆山联想到卞和得玉石的荆山,又由这一荆山联想到卞和献玉的不幸遭遇,又由卞和之不幸联想到自己之不幸,所以就非用这一典不可。二是花样翻新。它不是一般的比附或替代式的用典,而是根据内容需要来用典,“典”只是辅,只是宾,是诗人此时那种强烈愤懑之情的映衬,一个“羡”字,真是惊心动魄,令人不忍卒读。
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陈陶《
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辛弃疾《
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踏莎行·赋稼轩集经句》
李商隐简介
唐代·李商隐的简介
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李商隐,字义山,号玉溪(谿)生、樊南生,唐代著名诗人,祖籍河内(今河南省焦作市)沁阳,出生于郑州荥阳。他擅长诗歌写作,骈文文学价值也很高,是晚唐最出色的诗人之一,和杜牧合称“小李杜”,与温庭筠合称为“温李”,因诗文与同时期的段成式、温庭筠风格相近,且三人都在家族里排行第十六,故并称为“三十六体”。其诗构思新奇,风格秾丽,尤其是一些爱情诗和无题诗写得缠绵悱恻,优美动人,广为传诵。但部分诗歌过于隐晦迷离,难于索解,至有“诗家总爱西昆好,独恨无人作郑笺”之说。因处于牛李党争的夹缝之中,一生很不得志。死后葬于家乡沁阳(今河南焦作市沁阳与博爱县交界之处)。作品收录为《李义山诗集》。
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