苦辛吟
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唐代]:于濆
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垅上扶犁儿,手种腹长饥。
窗下抛梭女,手织身无衣。
我愿燕赵姝,化为嫫母姿。
一笑不值钱,自然家国肥。
苦辛吟译文及注释
译文
田中耕种的男儿,终日劳作腹长饥。
窗下穿梭的女子,手里织布身无衣。
我愿燕赵的美女,个个都变成丑妇。
一笑再也不值钱,自然能国强家富。
注释
垅:田地分界的埂子,这里泛指田地。
下:一作“前”。抛:一作“掷”。
燕赵姝(shū):燕赵的美女,泛指天下美女。燕赵多美女,故称。
嫫(mó)母:相传为黄帝的妃子,很有贤德,但相貌很丑。
一笑:封建统治者为博取美女的欢心,不惜一掷千金,故有“一笑千金”之语。钱:一作“金”。
肥:富裕,富有。
参考资料:
1、彭定求 等.全唐诗(下).上海:上海古籍出版社,1986:1521
2、于海娣 等.唐诗鉴赏大全集.北京:中国华侨出版社,2010:411-412
3、张国举.唐诗精华注译评.长春:长春出版社,2010:781-782
苦辛吟创作背景
于濆生活在社会下层,对于当时社会上贫富不均的现实有深刻的体会,在其作品中,往往通过强烈的对比手法对这一主题进行集中的反映。在他存世不多的诗篇中,大部分都触及了当时尖锐的社会矛盾,《苦辛吟》即是有代表性的一篇。
参考资料:
1、张国举.唐诗精华注译评.长春:长春出版社,2010:781-782
苦辛吟鉴赏
此诗载于《全唐诗》卷五百九十九。下面是人民文学出版社原总编助理、古籍室主任林东海先生对此诗的赏析。
这首诗前四句表现下层人民的饥寒,后四句表现上层社会的糜费;两相对照,深刻地反映了封建社会中的不合理现象。全诗用的是对比手法,不仅前半首和后半首将下层与上层情况作了鲜明的一般性对照,而且前半首与后半首又分别用了不同的特殊对比手法,具体表现下层和上层的情况:前半首用的是“推理对比”,后半首用的是“转化对比”。
前四句说:在田地里扶犁耕种的男儿,理应有饭吃,吃得饱,但是实际上却挨饿;在窗牖下投梭织布的妇女,理应有衣穿,穿得暖,但是实际上却在受冻。情理本应如此,而实际却正相反,情理与实际形成强烈的对比;这种情理并非直接表现出来的,只写出条件,由读者推理,然后与实际情形对照,可称之为“推理对比”。这种对比,读者会对不合理现象发出“岂有此理”的感叹,既能以理服人,又能以情动人,颇有艺术效果。
推理对比,早就有此传统。《淮南子·说林训》说:“屠者藿羹,车者步行,陶者缺盆,匠者狭庐,为者不得用,用者不肯为。”这里就包含了推理对比。这手法在诗歌中普遍运用,如孟郊《织妇辞》“如何织纨素,自着蓝缕衣”,杜荀鹤《蚕妇》“年年道我蚕辛苦,底事浑身着苎麻”,都是表现用者不肯为,为者不得用。宋张俞《蚕妇》云:“昨日到城郭,归来泪满巾。遍身罗绮者,不是养蚕人。”这首诗历来脍炙人口。它之所以能如此耐人寻味,也正在于采用了以理服人、以情动人的推理对比手法。表现生活中衣、食、住、行各方面的不合理现象,多用此法。《苦辛吟》就用此法表现了食、衣两方面的不合理情况。
后四句说:我希望燕地赵地的美女,都变成面目丑陋而德行贤惠的嫫母;那么,她们的笑,就不可能再那样值钱,也就再不至于有一笑千金的挥霍现象了。这样于国于家都有利,都会好起来。古时传说燕、赵(在今河北省)出美人,这里以美人之锦衣玉食,一笑千金,典型地表现出上层生活的糜费;诗人对此现象十分不满,因而浪漫地提出这样的假设:但愿有朝一日,燕、赵所出美人,转化为黄帝的妃子嫫母:貌美转化为貌丑,无德转化为有德,笑值千金转化为笑不值钱。到那个时候,社会上富者穷奢极侈、贫者衣食无着的现象,也许可望有所改变吧。诗人驰骋想象,从现实的境界转化为理想的境界。巧妙地用两种境界形成鲜明对比,这种手法可称之为“转化对比”。诗人有意通过浪漫的想象来构成这种转化对比,借以批判上层社会的腐败。
转化对比也是传统的对比手法,“沧海桑田”是自然界的转化对比,通常被用来说明古今人事转化的对比;李白《登金陵凤凰台》“吴宫花草埋幽径,晋代衣冠成古丘”,则是直接表现古今人事的转化:“吴宫花草”变为“幽径”,“晋代衣冠”成了“古丘”,这也是一种转化对比。此诗通过想象中的转化,来构成转化对比,在艺术效果上同样能使所表现的形象鲜明而又突出,能使所抒发的感情宛转而又强烈,富有艺术感染力。
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曹操《
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谣俗词》
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白居易《
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缭绫》
于濆简介
唐代·于濆的简介
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于濆,字子漪,自号逸诗,晚唐诗人,里居及生卒年均不详,约唐僖宗乾符初(约876年前后)在世。咸通二年(681年)举进士及第,仕终泗州判官。濆患当时诗人拘束声律而入轻浮,故作古风三十篇,以矫弊俗,自号逸诗,有《于濆诗集》、《新唐书艺文志》传于世。
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