宗武生日
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唐代]:杜甫
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小子何时见,高秋此日生。
自从都邑语,已伴老夫名。
诗是吾家事,人传世上情。
熟精文选理,休觅彩衣轻。
凋瘵筵初秩,欹斜坐不成。
流霞分片片,涓滴就徐倾。
宗武生日译文及注释
译文
何时可见小子诞生,高秋的今天正是呱呱坠地时。
自从我写过怀念你的诗,伴着我的名子你也被人知道。
诗是我家祖辈相传的事业,而人们以为这只是世间寻常的父子情。
你要熟精《文选》,以绍家学,不要效仿老菜子年老还以彩衣娱亲。
病中为你的生日开筵,侧着身子斜靠在椅子上,慢慢倒酒以细饮。
注释
小子:指杜甫的儿子杜宗武,小名骥子。
见(xiàn):出生。
高秋:八九月份。宋子侯诗:“高秋八九月。”
都邑语:《大戴礼》:百里而有都邑。此处指在成都写的诗。宗武是作者幼子,乳名骥子,作者多次写诗称赞他。如《遣兴》:“骥子好男儿,前年学语时,问知人客姓,诵得老夫诗。”
老夫:杜甫自谓。
诗是吾家事:杜甫祖父杜审言,以诗知名于世,为“文章四友”之一。杜甫认为诗为自己的家学,故云。
人传世上情:承上句,意为诗是杜家祖辈以为的事业,人们会以为我在成都给你写诗这只是世间寻常的父子情。
文选:指《文选》,南朝梁萧统所编先秦至梁的诗文总集。集古人文词诗赋凡三十卷,是我国最早的一部文学总集。
休觅彩衣轻:这句是说不必像老菜子身穿彩衣在双亲身边嬉戏。《列女传》载,老菜子行年七十,著五色彩衣,以娱双亲。
凋瘵(zhài):老病。
筵(yán)初秩(zhì):生日之筵刚排好。又解:十岁为一秩,初秩即第一个十年,此时宗武十三岁,此处为约指。
欹(qī)斜:倾斜,歪斜。杜甫衰弱多病,筵席间不能端坐,故云“欹斜”。
流霞:传说中的仙酒。形容美酒。流霞亦指浮动的彩云,联想到仙人餐霞,故云“分片片”。奇思妙想,用法奇特。
涓滴:一滴滴。
徐倾:慢慢地饮酒。杜甫因病,不能多饮酒,故云。
参考资料:
1、(唐)杜甫著,(清)仇兆熬注 .杜诗详注 :中华书局出版社 ,2007-6-1 .
2、张忠纲选注,杜甫诗选 插图版,中华书局,2009.08,第171页
3、宗武生日,宋守潭,《父母必读》,1983年5月
4、翟博主编,中国家训经典,海南出版社,2002年06月第1版,第309页
宗武生日创作背景
宝应元年(762年)秋作。时杜甫送严武至绵州,时宗武留在成都,这首诗是勖勉宗武的,写作时间,一说杜甫当时送严武还朝到绵州,碰上西川兵马使徐知道乱入梓州,而宗武在成都,因思念而作。一说此诗作于离开成都以后,是面命而不是遥寄,两说都可供参考。
参考资料:
1、张忠纲选注,杜甫诗选 插图版,中华书局,2009.08,第171页
宗武生日鉴赏
宗武是诗人的幼子,诗人曾多次提到并称赞他,在《忆幼子》诗中说:“骥子春犹隔,莺歌暖正繁。别离惊节换,聪慧与谁论。”在《遣兴》中说:“骥子好男儿,前年学语时:问知人客姓,诵得老夫诗。”说明宗武聪慧有才,可惜没有诗传下来。杜甫死后,是由宗武的儿子嗣业安葬的,并请元稹作墓志铭,人称不坠家声。
首句的意思是:何时看到小子的诞生,高秋的今天正是呱呱坠地之时,点名宗武生日的时间。次句回想昔日写诗赞宗武懂事乖巧,宗武也随着诗文的传播而被人熟知,字里行间透着些许自豪。杜甫的远祖杜恕、杜预是汉、晋时的名臣名儒,祖父杜审言更是初唐著名诗人,诗人自己更是以诗著称于世,故勖勉宗武:诗是我家祖辈相传的事业,要继承和发扬,不仅是一般的世间亲情而已。“熟精文选理,休觅彩衣轻”。杜甫自己得力于《文选》,所以勉励儿子熟读精研,继承父志,不要像古代的老莱子,七十岁时穿着彩衣在父母面前嬉戏,以娱乐父母。最后两句说自己以衰病之躯,还在为小儿子的生日开筵祝贺一番,父子深情,跃然纸上,字里行间也透出些许悲凉,适逢乱世,国破家离,不知何时才能相见,即使分隔两地,拖着病体也要为儿子摆生日宴席,写诗勉励宗武,此情可叹。
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杜甫简介
唐代·杜甫的简介
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杜甫(712-770),字子美,自号少陵野老,世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等,汉族,河南府巩县(今河南省巩义市)人,唐代伟大的现实主义诗人,杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”,其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”,为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来,杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民,人格高尚,他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来,诗艺精湛,在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇,影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都,后世有杜甫草堂纪念。
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