牧牛词
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明代]：高启
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尔牛角弯环，我牛尾秃速。
共拈短笛与长鞭，南陇东冈去相逐。
日斜草远牛行迟，牛劳牛饥唯我知；
牛上唱歌牛下坐，夜归还向牛边卧。
长年牧牛百不忧，但恐输租卖我牛。
牧牛词译文及注释
译文
你的牛犄角弯，我的牛尾巴短。
我们都拿着短笛和长鞭，到南垄东冈你追我赶。
太阳西下草远牛行迟，牛劳牛饥只有我知。
我骑在牛身上唱歌坐在牛身边玩耍，晚上回来还睡在牛旁边。
整年放牛什么也不忧虑，只害怕卖掉这牛去交租。
注释
尔：“你”的意思。“尔”与下一句的“我”：牧童间彼此相称。
弯环：弯曲成环状。
秃速：凋疏，此处是说牛尾细而毛稀。
拈：用手指拿着。
陇（lǒng）：田埂。
冈：山脊、山岭。
迟：慢。
但恐：只怕。
输租：交纳租子。
参考资料：
1、陈道贵选注．元明清诗选：珠海出版社，2004年01月第2版：第33页
牧牛词创作背景
据高启自述：“我本东皋民，少年习耕锄。”（《京师尝吴粳》）。贫寒的出身，清苦的阅历，让他了解了农家耕作的辛劳，了解了农民身受封建剥削的痛苦，因此当他看到放牛的牧童牧牛时，便有感而发，创作了此诗。
参考资料：
1、洪珏．明人诗词赏析：广西教育出版社，1992年01月第1版：31-33
牧牛词鉴赏
这首仿乐府诗，写得平实深沉，风格迥异于高启其他华赡清丽之作。
诗借牧童口吻展开。几个农家孩子同去放牛，他们边放牧边调笑，一边指认着各自的牛：角最弯的是你家的，尾巴没几根毛的是我家的……他们“短笛无腔信口吹”，摇着长鞭，在田头地角赶着牛儿找草吃。太阳落山了，别让牛群跑得太累，近处没有好草，别叫牛群吃不饱。该怎么放牧，这些孩子全知道。牛吃饱了，骑在牛背上唱歌；牛要反刍，就坐在牛身边歇一歇；晚上回到家，还要靠在牛身旁躺一躺。牧牛的孩子与牛有这么深厚的情谊，因为牛是农家宝，垦荒耕种要靠它，牵挽载重也靠它。农民都不感激牛、珍惜牛。农家孩子如此爱牛亲牛，高启非常理解，写来真实可信，情趣盎然。想来，诗人“少年习耕锄”的时候，也是曾有过一段牧牛爱牛的亲身体验的。
倘若诗只写到这里就结束，那内容就失诸单薄了。高启给它安排了一个更深的层次：末二句由牧牛之乐转为牧牛之忧，揭出农民最大的隐忧来，那就是“输租”。繁重的苛捐杂税，会逼得农民卖牛抵债。这个严峻的现实，甚至在天真烂漫的农家孩子心里，也投下了沉重的阴影。这最后两句诗，是画龙点睛之笔，足章明志，有发人深省的力量。
这首诗有意不用典，不藻饰，以求得内容和形式的和谐统一。前八句写牧牛之乐，是欲抑而先扬；后两句点出牧牛之忧，是先扬之后抑。抑扬对比，颇见匠心。诗人要表达对农家的同情和关怀，对黑暗现实的不满与鞭挞，捉笔为诗，却不假论辩，而用牧童爱牛亲牛的形象画面来道出，显得不空洞，不枯燥，不说教，小中见大，真切感人，在平实中兼见艺术构思的新颖。
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菱溪石记》
高启简介
唐代·高启的简介
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高启（1336－1373）汉族，江苏苏州人，元末明初著名诗人，与杨基、张羽、徐贲被誉为“吴中四杰”，当时论者把他们比作“明初四杰”，又与王行等号“北郭十友”。字季迪，号槎轩，平江路（明改苏州府）长洲县（今江苏省苏州市）人；洪武初，以荐参修《元史》，授翰林院国史编修官，受命教授诸王。擢户部右侍郎。苏州知府魏观在张士诚宫址改修府治，获罪被诛。高启曾为之作《上梁文》，有“龙蟠虎踞”四字，被疑为歌颂张士诚，连坐腰斩。有《高太史大全集》、《凫藻集》等。
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