楚狂接舆歌
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两汉]：佚名
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凤兮凤兮何德之衰。
往者不可谏。
来者犹可追。
已而已而。
今之从政者殆而。
楚狂接舆歌译文及注释
译文
凤凰呀凤凰呀！
为什么你的美德一天不如一天？
过去的事情已经无法劝阻。
未来的事情还来得及防范。
罢休吧罢休吧！
现 在当官的有多么危险！
注释
谏：止住，挽救。
已：罢休，停止。
殆：危险。
楚狂接舆歌鉴赏
这首《楚狂接舆歌》，始见于《论语·微子》。后来司马迁写《史记》，将其录入《孔子世家》中，“谏”下增一“兮”字，“追”下增一“也”字。另外，在《庄子·人间世》中，也有一首同名的歌，系敷衍《论语》中的这一首而成，增至二十八句。“楚狂”，是楚国佯狂的一位隐士；“接舆”，原义为迎着孔子坐的车，并非“楚狂”的名字。《庄子》中将“接舆”定为楚狂的名字，其实是一种误解。先秦典籍中提到“楚狂”的著作甚多，《庄子》中除《人间世》外，又见于《逍遥游》、《应帝王》。又《杨子》、屈原《九章·涉江》等也都涉及。至晋代，皇甫谧作《高士传》，始称其姓陆名通，不见其载籍依据，当系杜撰。
全歌六句，计分三个层次。开头两句为第一层次。是对孔子的讽刺。凤鸟是传说中的祥瑞之鸟，只在政治清明时才会出现。孔子曾说：“凤鸟不至，河不出图，吾已矣夫。”（《论语·子罕》）此以“凤鸟”指孔子。“德之衰”，是说美好的品德愈来愈少，品德修养愈来愈差，凤鸟不像凤鸟，孔子不像孔子了。凤鸟本该在政治清明时出现，而现在世道昏乱时竟然也出现了，以此讽刺孔子到处奔走、求为世用的不合时宜的所作所为。疑问副词“何”字的运用，更增强了对孔子的作为表示怀疑与否定的分量。中间两句为第二层次，是对孔子的规劝。“往者”句说，已经过去的事情已无法劝阻；“来者”句说，未来的事情还来得及防范、避免，是要孔子知错改过、避乱隐居的意思。两句合起来，重点落在后一句上，与成语“亡羊补牢，犹为未晚”的意思正好相当。最后两句为第三层次，是对孔子的警告。“已而”是劝孔子别再一意孤行，相当于今人所说的“算了吧”、“罢休吧”。什么原因呢？“今之从政者殆而”，这虽是泛说当今从政的人处境险恶，又是专门唱给孔子听的，主要用意还在于警喻、提醒孔子。
从歌词大意中不难体察到歌者的出世思想。因为有了这首《接舆歌》，“楚狂”、“接舆”成了后世佯狂避世的一个典型。后世文人常自比“楚狂”、“接舆”，以表示自己的隐居不仕或放诞不羁，如:“我本楚狂人，凤歌笑孔丘”（李白《庐山谣寄卢侍御虚舟》），“高歌一曲垂鞭去，尽日无人识楚狂”（吴融《灵宝县西测井》），“复值接舆醉，狂歌五柳前”（王维《辋川闲居赠裴秀才迪》），“世随渔父醉，身效接舆狂”（韦庄《和郑拾遗秋日感事一百韵》），等等。《论语》中说，孔子听了这首歌，下车去，准备和楚狂交谈，楚狂赶快避开，孔子没有谈成。从不同的处世态度来说，两人即使交谈了，也是不可能谈到一起去的。孔子周游列国，备尝艰难险阻，道不得行，“累累若丧家之狗”（《史记·孔子世家》）而并不退缩、后悔，正是有鉴于天下无道，希望力挽狂澜。正如他所表白的：“天下有道，丘不易也。”（杨伯峻《论语译注》的译文为：“如果天下太平，我就不会同你们一道来从事改革了。”）《楚狂接舆歌》主要表现的是抒情主人公楚狂的出世狂者的形象，同时，也让读者想见站在他对面的一位知其不可为而为之的与命运抗争的积极入世的强者形象——孔子。这大概也是《论语》、《史记》中记载楚狂故事的一点用心吧。
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