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首页 > 诗文 > 谢灵运的诗 > 行田登海口盘屿山

行田登海口盘屿山

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南北朝
]:谢灵运


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齐景恋遄台,周穆厌紫宫。

牛山空洒涕,瑶池实欢悰。

年迫愿岂申,游远心能通。

大宝不欢娱,况乃守畿封。

羁苦孰云慰,观海藉朝风。

莫辨洪波极,谁知大壑东。

依稀采菱歌,仿佛含颦容。

遨游碧沙渚,游衍丹山峰。

行田登海口盘屿山译文及注释

译文

景公奢华,一生依恋宫室,穆王倦怠,八骏昆仑纵远。

哀人生之短促,泪洒牛山,羡神仙之长生,瑶池欢宴。

蹉跎一生,抱负焉有实现,唯有远游,我心始能通畅。

为君为王之人,未必欢娱,何况我之小吏.固守海疆。

羁旅之苦,有谁可以慰藉,唯有观海,心藏大潮澎湃。

望东极之溟海,洪波浩瀚,有谁人可知晓,海东世界。

依稀听得,故乡菱女欢歌,仿佛目见,伊们含颦笑容。

漫步下行沙洲,濯足碧水,回首盘山夕阳,一挂丹峰。

注释

行田:巡视农田。海口:永嘉江(今瓯江)人海处。盘屿山:在永嘉西北七十里,即今乐清县西约五十里处,滨海。山下为盘石卫,旁有五小山,又有重石山,加上正面的屿山,俗合称七星山。

齐景:齐景公,春秋时齐国国君。

遄(chuán)台:齐国台名,供君王游玩用,旧址在今山东淄博市。《晏子春秋·外篇》:“景公至自畋,晏子侍予遄台,梁丘据造焉。”可见齐景公对遄台情有独钟。

周穆:周穆王,西周第五代天子。

厌:厌倦。

紫宫:帝王宫殿。

牛山:山名,在今山东淄博市南面。洒涕:指齐景公登牛山有感于人生短暂而哀痛流涕之事。见《晏子春秋·内篇谏上》:“景公游于牛山,北临其国城而流涕日:若何滂滂去此而死乎!”

瑶池:天上神仙所居之处,西王母曾于此宴请群神众仙。

欢悰(cóng):欢乐。

年迫:接近天年,指年老了。

愿岂申:志愿哪能得到伸展,指未能实现抱负。

通:通达,舒畅。

大宝:指王位。

况乃:何况是。

守畿(jī)封:指谢灵运任永嘉郡太守而言。畿封:本指王城郊界,这里指边疆。

羁(jī)苦:旅居边海的苦楚。

孰云慰:谁能安慰。云,为句中语助词,无意。

观海藉(jiè)朝风:凭借早晨的凉风登山观海。

洪波:大波。语出曹操《观沧海》诗:“洪波涌起”。

极:边际,尽头。

大壑(hè):指海洋。

依稀:隐隐约约听不真切。

采菱(líng)歌:采菱人唱的歌。夏秋之际,江南水乡采摘荷菱,歌声此起彼伏。

仿佛:模模糊糊看不真切。

含颦(pín)容:含忧皱眉的样子,别有一种美态,故《庄子·天运篇》说西子病心而颦,美惊乡人,引得东施效颦。

遨游:两字同义,指游览,边走边欣赏。

碧沙渚(zhǔ):为碧水浸绿的沙滩。

游衍(yǎn):与“邀游”义近。

丹山峰:被丹霞染红的山峰。

参考资料:

1、李运富编注.谢灵运集:岳麓书社,1999年08月:60-61

2、黄世中著.山水清音——永嘉山水诗赏析:浙江大学出版社,2016.09:45-46

行田登海口盘屿山创作背景

  景平元年(423年)夏,诗人在永嘉太守任上时,借巡视农田之便,登山观海,心旷神怡,羁边之苦聊得安慰,于是创作了这首诗。

参考资料:

1、李运富编注.谢灵运集:岳麓书社,1999年08月:60-61

行田登海口盘屿山鉴赏

  诗的前八句纯以议论出之,点明此番出游的缘由。诗人借对前事的评述逐渐抽绎出自己的思绪来。头四句以齐景公和周穆王作为一反一正的比照:春秋时的齐景公,曾登牛山而流涕,哀人生之短促,而其用以补偿的却是加倍地贪恋宫室狗马之乐;周穆王为追求赏心乐事,则乘八骏西游,在昆仑瑶池与西王母尽相见之欢。前者沉溺于世俗的物质享受之中,未免辜负了那一瞬间对人生的感悟,所以说“牛山空洒涕”;后者在远游中实现了生命的延长,那才是精神上真正的欢乐,所以说“瑶池实欢悰”。这一“空”一“实”的用语,已逗漏出作者的主意所在。次四句归到自己身上,作进一步申说。“年迫”两句说岁月流逝,愿望成空,惟有在与自然亲切晤对的远游中,才能使心胸豁然畅通。“大宝”两句说:即使贵为国君也不能摆脱“年迫”之苦,更何况像我这样被迁谪至海隅的失意者呢!言下则企羡远游之情已昭然可见。诗的前八句,用笔至为工稳细密:写齐景公事以“遄台”和“牛山”并举,因两者均在今山东淄博一带,位置相邻;写周穆王事以“紫宫”和“瑶池”并举,因两者原意指天帝和神仙的居所,字面相近。后四句虽已转入夫子自道,而在字面上,“年迫”犹承齐景公牛山之泣一事,“游远”犹承周穆王西游之事,“大宝”义兼二君。意虽转而语犹承,从中可见大谢诗的“法密机圆”(方东树语)之处。

  诗的后八句写登临的所见和所感。“羁苦”、“观海”两句为承上启下的过渡。盘屿山在浙江乐清市西南五十里,滨海,故登山可以观海。而此番登临,原是因不耐客中寂寞故来寻求安慰,非同一般的流连玩赏,这就为下文的虚拟之笔预设了伏笔。诗人写景,只用了“莫辨洪波极,谁知大壑东”两句,从空际着笔,极写海之浩渺无涯。这两句在突出大海辽阔无际的同时,也写出了其吞吐无穷的容量和汹涌澎湃的动势;而置于句首的“莫辨”、“谁知”,又将诗人的惊异、赞叹之情倾泻无遗。诗人以大刀阔斧的疏朗之笔展示出极为恢宏的气象,不仅切合海的性格,也使全诗至此精神为之一振。而紧接着的“依稀采菱歌,仿佛含嚬容”,又在转眼之间将实景翻作虚景。按采菱曲为楚歌名,“含颦容”则从西施“病心而颦”的故事化出,这里借指越女,所谓“荆姬采菱曲,越女江南讴”(王融《采菱曲》),这楚歌越声在大谢诗中乃是和归思相联系的。谢灵运有《道路忆山中》诗云:“采菱调易急,江南歌不缓。楚人心昔绝,越客肠今断。断绝虽殊念,俱为归虑款。”可移用为此诗注脚。“依稀”、“仿佛”四字已明言这并非实有之景,而在眺望大海之际,忽闻乡音,忽见乡人,正是由思乡心切而生出的幻觉。这一神来之笔,把主人公深沉的情思呼之欲出。既然“羁苦”之情不能在观海之际释然于胸,那么也就只有在继续远游中才能聊以排遣,诗的末二句正是以展望未然来收束的。诗的这一部分以虚实交互为用的运笔烘托出内心的波澜,把主人公为苦闷所迫而又无计解脱的心绪表现得十分真切而自然。

  这首诗大半都用对偶句组成,却无板滞迂缓之弊。原因是诗人的精心结撰之处,并不限于区区一联,而是将之置于全篇的结构之中,注意彼此之间的承接呼应关系。如首四句从字面看分为上下两联,而在用事上则以一三、二四各说一事,显得错落有致。五、六两句虽自成一联,而它们又分别和前四句勾连相承。“莫辨”以下连用六个偶句,而以句首的不同用词又可分为三组,这又是与内容的虚实转换互为表里的。


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下一首:
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卢纶《
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长安春望》

谢灵运简介

唐代·谢灵运的简介


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谢灵运


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谢灵运(385年-433年),东晋陈郡阳夏(今河南太康)人,出生在会稽始宁(今浙江上虞),原为陈郡谢氏士族。东晋名将谢玄之孙,小名“客”,人称谢客。又以袭封康乐公,称谢康公、谢康乐。著名山水诗人,主要创作活动在刘宋时代,中国文学史上山水诗派的开创者。由谢灵运始,山水诗乃成中国文学史上的一大流派,最著名的是《山居赋》,也是见诸史册的第一位大旅行家。谢灵运还兼通史学,工于书法,翻译佛经,曾奉诏撰《晋书》。《隋书·经籍志》、《晋书》录有《谢灵运集》等14种。

...〔 ► 谢灵运的诗(151篇)

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