空囊
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唐代]：杜甫
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翠柏苦犹食，晨霞高可餐。
世人共卤莽，吾道属艰难。
不爨井晨冻，无衣床夜寒。
囊空恐羞涩，留得一钱看。
空囊译文及注释
译文
纵然翠柏味苦，朝霞高高，也还可以当作饭餐。
世人大多苟且偷生，我持节守道显得异常艰难。
早晨开不了火，井水也冻了，夜来无衣难御寒。
太贫穷了怕人笑话，袋中还是应该留下一文钱。
注释
翠柏：原产中国的一种松科乔木。
晨：一作“明”。高：一作“朝”。
卤（lǔ）莽：通“鲁莽”，苟且偷安。
吾道：我的忠君报国之道。
爨（cuàn）：烧火做饭。
囊空：谓袋中无钱。
一钱：一文钱，指极少的钱。
空囊创作背景
此诗当作于唐肃宗乾元二年（759年），当时杜甫弃官由华州寄居秦州同谷（治今甘肃成县）。这时战乱动荡仍未平息，诗人生活极其艰难。
参考资料：
1、周啸天 等．唐诗鉴赏辞典补编．成都：四川文艺出版社，1990：266-267
空囊鉴赏
首联“翠柏苦犹食，明霞高可餐”，诗人紧扣诗题，意在言外，写出两层意思，一层是说穷困潦倒，只得餐霞食柏，权且充饥，这是明意。除此之外，还有另一层言外之意，在古人看来，明霞翠柏均非凡俗之物，杜甫此语出自《列仙传》“赤松子好食柏实”和司马相如《大人赋》“呼吸沆瀣餐朝霞”。表现杜甫虽生当乱世，饥寒交迫，但仍不同流俗，品节高尚。
颔联“世人共卤莽，吾道属艰难”，揭示囊空的根本原因。所谓“世人共卤（鲁）莽”，指人多苟且偷安。战乱爆发后，诗人弃家鄜州，奔赴灵武，中途陷于叛军之手，后又因两次直言上奏，受贬去职，但他“葵藿倾太阳，物性固难夺”，及至贫寒如此，仍然持道守节。这里，杜甫所说的“吾道”，是不愿苟得之直道，忠勇报国之达道。颔联两句，通过对比的手法，将杜甫高尚不俗的品格鲜明地凸现出来了。
颈联“不爨井晨冻，无衣床夜寒”，进而具体写贫状。作者皆从“寒”字来入笔。上句说“不爨”，并非因为“井晨冻”，而是因为无食。严冬季节，却晨炊无米，夜寒难御，可见一贫如洗。
尾联“囊空恐羞涩，留得一钱看”，点明“空囊”题旨。在写法上，此联出之以幽默诙谐之笔。诗人已是身无分文，贫不自救，却还要强留一钱在空囊之中，以免他人笑话，这举动本身就是一种反常。作者正是以这种貌似轻松诙谐的话，渲染自己心里沉重悲苦的情绪。申涵光评杜诗云：“杜公每遇废弃之物，便说得性情相关，如病马、除架是也”（《仇注杜诗》引）。
这首五律措语平实，庄谐间出，颔联以庄语见清操，尾联以谐语抒感慨，相得益彰。而音节拗折，是一首拗律，如首联“翠柏苦犹食，明霞高可餐”两句，一孤平一单仄，不求谐声；俯首拾柏，柏味甚苦，此句相应多仄声，明霞仰头可餐，其意甚高，此句相应多平声，可谓声情相符。
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杜甫《
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奉赠韦左丞丈二十二韵》
杜甫简介
唐代·杜甫的简介
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杜甫（712－770），字子美，自号少陵野老，世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等，汉族，河南府巩县（今河南省巩义市）人，唐代伟大的现实主义诗人，杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”，其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”，为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来，杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民，人格高尚，他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来，诗艺精湛，在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇，影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都，后世有杜甫草堂纪念。
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