发宜兴
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宋代]：曾几
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老境垂垂六十年，又将家上铁头船。
客留阳羡只三月，归去玉溪无一钱。
观水观山都废食，听风听雨不妨眠。
从今布袜青鞵梦，不到张公即善权。
发宜兴译文及注释
译文
我虽然已经六十岁垂垂老矣，却又要拖家带口登船去远行。
在阳羡暂住了三月只是作客，早想要返回玉溪手头却没钱。
游山观水到了废寝忘食境界，风声雨声都不会影响我睡眠。
从今后在我这个平民的梦里，不是到了张公洞就是游善权。
注释
宜兴：今属江苏省，在太湖西岸。
垂垂：形容将近、渐近，常与“老”连用。
将：携持。铁头船：指船头包有铁的木船。
阳羡：宜兴在秦汉时称阳羡。
玉溪：信江（在今江西省，流入鄱阳湖）中段的别称。玉溪江边的上饶，曾是曾几侨居之地。这里的“玉溪”代指作者故乡。
都：总、全部。废食：即废寝忘食。
“听风”句：谓任凭它风雨连宵，也不会改变自己归隐之意。这里“风雨”实喻指国家危难的形势。
布袜青鞋梦：指出世隐居之想和遨游山水之愿。布袜青鞋，指平民、隐士的生活。
张公：指宜兴境内的胜迹张公洞。作者有《游张公洞》诗，云：“张公洞府未著脚，向人浪说游荆溪。”可见其风景幽胜。善权：指善卷洞，在宜兴西南螺岩山上，与张公洞同为宜兴境内的两个古洞。
参考资料：
1、陈 衍．宋诗精华录全译（下）．贵阳：贵州人民出版社，2009：597
发宜兴创作背景
此诗当作于宋高宗绍兴十二年（1142年）曾几离开宜兴之时。当时曾几已年近六十，之前曾客居宜兴数月，并作有《宜兴邵智卿天远堂》《游张公洞》等诗。
参考资料：
1、缪钺 等．宋诗鉴赏辞典．上海：上海辞书出版社，1987：802-803
2、乐云 等．唐宋诗鉴赏全典．武汉：崇文书局，2011.11：1031
发宜兴鉴赏
首联自叙年将六十而又有挈家远行之举，扣诗题“发宜兴”。以垂暮之年而又携家奔波道途，生活之不安定与老境之可仿不难想见。“又”字凄然，包蕴了宋室南渡以来一系列播迁流离、羁旅行役之苦。
颔联出句承上，说自己客居宜兴时日之短，见生活之不安定；对句启下，说自己虽归故山，而囊空如洗，见生活之清贫与作吏之清廉。曾几一生淡泊，生活清苦。陆游《曾文清公墓志铭》说：“平生取与，一断以义，三仕岭外，家无南物。”足资参证。曾几又有诗云：“我贫无一钱，不敢学农同。空余数卷书，肠腹自撑柱。”（《次陈少卿见赠韵》）故“归去玉溪无一钱”一句既是其现实生活的折射，亦是其一贯心性的写照。
颈联承“归去”，设想回到故居后的情景：曾几南渡后曾先后寓居上饶（今属江西）、山阴（今浙江绍兴），这里所说的“观水观山”之地，未详所指，当指山水幽胜之乡。回去之后，闲居无事，但以观山赏水为务，遇到山水佳胜之处，恐不免因此废寝忘食。这里流露了对归隐之地清绝山水的神往，也透露出对赋闲生活的怅惘之情。表面上看，作者颇为闲适，实际上是故作排遣。下句的风雨，显系代指时势。“忧愁风雨”，本来是曾几这样的爱国士大夫的夙心，但却说“听风听雨不妨眠”，似乎与己漠不相关，言外自含“安危大臣在，不必泪长流”（杜甫《去蜀》）一类感慨。所谓“不妨”，正是虽不应如此，却不得不如此的意思。这一联语调轻松，意态闲逸，骨子里却隐含一缕无可奈何之情。
末联再回应题目并以此抒怀：“从今布袜青鞋梦，不到张公即善权。”作者以布袜青鞋为“梦”，表达了隐居山林的内心意趣。曾几作诗以杜甫、黄庭坚为宗，他曾在《李商叟秀才求斋名于王元渤以养源名之求诗》其二中说：“老杜诗家初祖，涪翁句法曹溪。尚论渊源师友，他时派列江西。”于此可见其言不虚。“不到张公即善权”一句既是实写宜兴之景，承接上联之意，表露了对宜兴山水的眷恋情绪；同时也是虚写，借指他处之景，暗接此联出句之意，表明以后要隐逸山野，纵情山水。
这首诗题为“发宜兴”，但除首、尾两联照应、回抱题目外，颔、颈两联却是想象归家后的情景。诗人所要抒发的，是由“发宜兴”所引起的身世之感，“纪行”并非主体，“述怀”才是中心。全诗正是围绕着述怀这个中心来进行整体构思的。
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柳永《
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迷神引·一叶扁舟轻帆卷》
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吴则礼《
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水龙吟·秋兴》
曾几简介
唐代·曾几的简介
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曾几（1085--1166）中国南宋诗人。字吉甫，自号茶山居士。其先赣州（今江西赣县）人，徙居河南府（今河南洛阳）。历任江西、浙西提刑、秘书少监、礼部侍郎。曾几学识渊博，勤于政事。他的学生陆游替他作《墓志铭》，称他“治经学道之余，发于文章，雅正纯粹，而诗尤工。”后人将其列入江西诗派。其诗多属抒情遣兴、唱酬题赠之作，闲雅清淡。五、七言律诗讲究对仗自然，气韵疏畅。古体如《赠空上人》，近体诗如《南山除夜》等，均见功力。所著《易释象》及文集已佚。《四库全书》有《茶山集》8卷，辑自《永乐大典》。
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