荔枝叹
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宋代]:苏轼
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十里一置飞尘灰,五里一堠兵火催。
颠坑仆谷相枕藉,知是荔枝龙眼来。
飞车跨山鹘横海,风枝露叶如新采。
宫中美人一破颜,惊尘溅血流千载。
永元荔枝来交州,天宝岁贡取之涪。
至今欲食林甫肉,无人举觞酹伯游。
我愿天公怜赤子,莫生尤物为疮痏。
雨顺风调百谷登,民不饥寒为上瑞。
君不见,武夷溪边粟粒芽,前丁后蔡相宠加。(相宠加一作:相笼加)
争新买宠各出意,今年斗品充官茶。
吾君所乏岂此物,致养口体何陋耶?
洛阳相君忠孝家,可怜亦进姚黄花。
荔枝叹译文及注释
译文
五里路、十里路设一驿站,运送荔枝的马匹,扬起满天灰尘,急如星火;
路旁坑谷中摔死的人交杂重叠,百姓都知道,这是荔枝龙眼经过。
飞快的车儿越过了重重高山,似隼鸟疾飞过海;到长安时,青枝绿叶,仿佛刚从树上摘采。
宫中美人高兴地咧嘴一笑,那扬起的尘土,那飞溅的鲜血,千载后仍令人难以忘怀。
永元年的荔枝来自交州,天宝年的荔枝来自涪州,人们到今天还恨不得生吃李林甫的肉,有谁把酒去祭奠唐伯游?
我只希望天公可怜可怜小百姓,不要生这样的尤物,成为人民的祸害。
只愿风调雨顺百谷丰收,人民免受饥寒就是最好的祥瑞。
你没见到武夷溪边名茶粟粒芽,前有丁谓,后有蔡襄,装笼加封进贡给官家?
争新买宠各出巧意,弄得今年斗品也成了贡茶。
我们的君主难道缺少这些东西?只知满足皇上口体欲望,是多么卑鄙恶劣!
可惜洛阳留守钱惟演是忠孝世家,也为邀宠进贡牡丹花!
注释
置:驿站。
堠(hòu):古代瞭望敌情的土堡。
枕藉:纵横交错地躺在一起。
鹘(hú):鸷鸟名。即隼(sǔn)。
破颜:变为笑脸。
永元:东汉和帝年号,《后汉书·和帝纪》载:“旧南海献龙眼、荔枝,十里一置(驿站),五里一堠(瞭望堡),奔腾阻险,死者继路。时临武长(官)汝南(籍)唐羌,县接南海,乃上书陈状,帝下诏曰:‘远国珍羞,本以荐奉宗庙。苟有伤害,岂爱民之本。其敕太官,勿复受献。’由是遂省焉。”
交州:交州,古地名。东汉时期,交州包括今越南北部和中部、中国广西和广东。东汉时治所在番禺(今中国广州)。
天宝岁贡取之涪:指唐代天宝年间岁贡涪陵荔枝之事。《新唐书》“玄宗贵妃杨氏。妃嗜荔枝,必欲生致之,乃置骑传送,走数千里,味未变至京师”。岁贡,古代诸侯或属国每年向朝廷进献礼品。涪(fú),水名,在中国四川省中部,注入嘉陵江。
举觞:举杯饮酒。
酹(lèi):把酒浇在地上;表示祭奠。
伯游:唐羌,字伯游,辟公府,补临武长。
赤子:人民。
尤物:珍贵的物品,指荔枝。
疮痏(chuāngwěi):祸害。
上瑞:最大的吉兆。
粟粒芽:武夷茶的上品。
前丁后蔡:指宋朝丁清先生任福建漕使,随后蔡囊继任此职,督造贡茶。为了博得皇上的欢心,争相斗品武夷茶,斗出最上等的茶叶,作为贡茶,献给皇上。
致养口体:这里指满足口和腹的欲望。致养,原意是得到养育。
洛阳相君:指钱惟演,他曾任西京留守。他的父亲吴越王钱俶叙归降宋朝,宋太宗称之为“以忠孝而保社稷”,所以苏轼说钱惟演是“忠孝家”。
姚黄花:是牡丹的名贵品种。洛阳进贡牡丹,是从钱惟演开始的。
参考资料:
1、赵山林,潘裕民.桃李春风一杯酒——宋诗经典解读 :中西书局 ,2009-10-1 :第101-103页 .
荔枝叹创作背景
诗作于绍圣二年(1095年),当时苏轼贬谪广东惠州,惠州盛产荔枝,苏轼写了多首荔枝诗,往往结合朝政身世,抒发自己的感慨。这首古风,带有新乐府的性质,借荔枝生发开去,纵横古今,淋漓痛快,一向为选家所称道。
参考资料:
1、缪钺等 .宋诗鉴赏辞典 .上海 : 上海辞书出版社 ,1987.12(2012.7重印) : 第458-458页 .
荔枝叹鉴赏
诗分三段,每段八句。第一段写古时进贡荔枝事。历史上把荔枝作为贡品,最著名的是汉和帝永元年间及唐玄宗天宝年间。“十里”四句,写汉和帝时,朝廷令交州进献荔枝,在短途内置驿站以便飞快地运送,使送荔枝的人累死摔死在路上的不计其数。“飞车”四句,写唐玄宗时令四川进献荔枝,派飞骑送来,到长安时,还是新鲜得如刚采下来一样,朝廷为了博杨贵妃开口一笑,不顾为此而死去多少人。这一段,抓住荔枝一日色变,二日香变,三日味变的特点,在运输要求快捷上做文章,指出朝廷为饱口福而草菅人命。这一点,杜牧《过华清宫绝句》“一骑红尘妃子笑,无人知是荔枝来”已作了描写,苏诗中“知是荔支龙眼来”、“宫中美人一破颜”句就是从杜牧诗中化出。但杜牧诗精警,苏诗用赋体,坐实了说,博大雄深,二者各有不同。
“永元”起八句是第二段,转入议论感慨。诗人以无比愤慨的心情,批判统治者的荒淫无耻,诛伐李林甫之类,媚上取宠,百姓恨之入骨,愿生吃其肉;感叹朝廷中少了像唐羌那样敢于直谏的名臣。于是,他想到,宁愿上天不要生出这类可口的珍品,使得百姓不堪负担,只要风调雨顺,人们能吃饱穿暖就行了。这段布局很巧,“永元”句总结第一段前四句汉贡荔枝事,“天宝”句总结后四句唐贡荔枝事,“至今”句就唐事发议论,“无人”句就汉事发议论,互为交叉,错合参差,然后用“我愿”四句作总束,承前启后。
“君不见”起八句是第三段,写近时事。由古时的奸臣,诗人想到了近时的奸臣;由古时戕害百姓的荔枝,诗人想到了近时戕害百姓的各种贡品。诗便进一步引申上述的感叹,举现实来证明,先说了武夷茶,又说了洛阳牡丹花。这段对统治者的鞭挞与第一、二段意旨相同,但由于说的是眼前事,所以批判得很有分寸。诗指责奸臣而不指责皇帝,是诗家为尊者讳的传统。就像杜甫《北征》“不闻夏殷衰,中自诛褒妲”,写安史之乱而为玄宗开释;李白《巴陵送贾舍人》“圣主恩深汉文帝,怜君不遣到长沙”,写才士被贬,反说皇帝大度。苏轼在这里用的也是这种“春秋笔法”,很显然,他不仅反对佞臣媚上,对皇帝接受佞臣的进贡,开上行下效之风,使百姓蒙受苦难,他也是十分不满的。这一段,如奇军突起,忽然完全撇开诗所吟咏的荔枝,杂取眼前事,随手挥洒,开拓广泛,且写得波折分明,令人应接不暇。而诗人胸中郁勃之气,一泻而出,出没开阖,极似杜诗。
全诗有叙有议,不为题囿,带有诗史的性质,因此清方东树等的赞誉。
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孟浩然《
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洛中访袁拾遗不遇》
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司马相如《
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子虚赋》
苏轼简介
唐代·苏轼的简介
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苏轼(1037-1101),北宋文学家、书画家、美食家。字子瞻,号东坡居士。汉族,四川人,葬于颍昌(今河南省平顶山市郏县)。一生仕途坎坷,学识渊博,天资极高,诗文书画皆精。其文汪洋恣肆,明白畅达,与欧阳修并称欧苏,为“唐宋八大家”之一;诗清新豪健,善用夸张、比喻,艺术表现独具风格,与黄庭坚并称苏黄;词开豪放一派,对后世有巨大影响,与辛弃疾并称苏辛;书法擅长行书、楷书,能自创新意,用笔丰腴跌宕,有天真烂漫之趣,与黄庭坚、米芾、蔡襄并称宋四家;画学文同,论画主张神似,提倡“士人画”。著有《苏东坡全集》和《东坡乐府》等。
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寄周令公
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明代:
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王夫之
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湘波一尺阻东西,湘草湘烟入望迷。碧海相看消镜雪,丹经何术炼银泥。
归舟吴越迎歌扇,潭水沧浪废杖藜。问讯绥山桃几熟,飞花好寄五陵溪。
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李如一书癖
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:
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沙曾达
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纵横经籍喜幽居,满架琳琅胜五车。图著身心能阐发,不同高阁饱蟫鱼。
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为玄度寿母 其二
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明代:
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李云龙
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浮峤千峰郁翠盘,北堂开处对巑岏。囊馀鲍氏珍珠黍,地有何姑云母丹。
琪树舞风回色鸟,玉笙吹月下文鸾。遥知邓岳多仙侣,碧海觞飞玉露漙。
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重葺山居十绝 其三
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明代:
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郭之奇
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披衣及晓赴初光,山课催人亦太忙。一路芜烟须尽扫,满空松雪正飞扬。