周颂·清庙
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两汉]:佚名
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於穆清庙,肃雍显相。
济济多士,秉文之德。
对越在天,骏奔走在庙。
不显不承,无射于人斯!
周颂·清庙译文及注释
译文
美哉清静宗庙中,助祭高贵又雍容。
众士祭祀排成行,文王美德记心中。
遥对文王在天灵,奔走在庙步不停。
光辉显耀后人承,仰慕之情永无穷。
注释
於(wū):赞叹词,犹如现代汉语的“啊”。穆:庄严、壮美。清庙:清静的宗庙。
肃雝(yōng):庄重而和顺的样子。显:高贵显赫。相:助祭的人,此指助祭的公卿诸侯。
济济:众多。多士:指祭祀时承担各种职事的官吏。
秉:秉承,操持。文之德:周文王的德行。
对越:犹“对扬”,对是报答,扬是颂扬。在天:指周文王的在天之灵。
骏:敏捷、迅速。
不(pī):通“丕”,大。承(zhēng):借为“烝”,美盛。
射(yì):借为“斁”,厌弃。斯:语气词。
参考资料:
1、姜亮夫 等.先秦诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1998:644-646
周颂·清庙创作背景
关于此诗的背景,郑玄认为此诗作于周公摄政五年。但对此历代学者尚有争论。有人认为此诗作于周成王七年,也有人认为作于周昭王时期;有人说是周公所作,也有人说是周武王所作,还有说是周成王所作的。
参考资料:
1、姜亮夫 等.先秦诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1998:644-646
2、王秀梅 译注.诗经(下):雅颂.北京:中华书局,2015:742-743
周颂·清庙鉴赏
“诗”有“四始”,是司马迁在《史记·孔子世家》中具体提出来的。他说:“古者,诗三千余篇,及至孔子,去其重,取可施于礼义,上采契、后稷,中述殷、周之盛,至幽、厉之缺,始于衽席,故曰:‘《关雎》之乱,以为《风》始,《鹿鸣》为《小雅》始,《文王》为《大雅》始,《清庙》为《颂》始。’”他的话不一定可靠,而“四始”云云,据说又是来自鲁诗之说。而作为毛诗学说思想体系的《毛诗序》,却又仅仅把风、小雅、大雅和颂四种诗类作为“四始”。其实,自古以来虽然都讲“四始”,而他们的说法又是众说纷纭、让人莫衷一是的。他们重视“四始”,实际代表了他们对整部《诗经》编辑思想体系的根本看法。按照毛诗的观点,整部《诗经》,都是反映和表现王道教化的,所以郑玄笺说:“‘始’者,王道兴衰之所由。”因此,每类诗的第一篇,就具有特殊的意义。
根据毛诗的解释,司马迁所说的四篇“始诗”都是赞“文王之道”、颂“文王之德”的。周文王姬昌,在殷商末期为西伯,在位五十年,“遵后稷、公刘之业,则古公、公季之法,笃仁、敬老、慈少”,“阴行善”,招贤纳士,致使吕尚、鬻熊、辛甲等贤士来归,并先后伐犬戎、密须、黎国、邘及崇侯虎,自岐下徙都于丰,作丰邑,奠定了周部族进一步壮大的雄厚的基础。(见《史记·周本纪》)他在世时,虽然没有实现灭殷立周、统一中原的宏愿,但他的“善理国政”,却使周部族向外显示了信誉和声威,为他儿子周武王姬发的伐纣兴国铺平了道路。所以,在周人心目中,他始终是一位威德普被、神圣而不可超越的开国贤君。《诗经》中很多诗篇歌颂、赞美他,是符合历史真实的。
《毛诗序》说:“颂者,美盛德之形容,以其成功告于神明者也。”《礼记·明堂位》:“季夏六月,以禘礼祀周公于太庙,升歌《清庙》。”《礼记·祭统》:“夫人尝禘,升歌《清庙》,……此天子之乐也。”《礼记·孔子燕居》:“大飨,……两君相见,升歌《清庙》。”《礼记·文王世子》:“天子视学,登歌《清庙》。”可见,它的意义已不只是歌颂和祭祀周文王本人了。
然而,这篇“颂始”,到底是叙写的什么内容,历代的《诗经》学者的看法并不是一致的。毛诗和鲁诗认为是祭祀文王,咏文王之德。而《尚书·洛诰》以为是合祭周文王、周武王时用的歌舞辞,是周人“追祖文王而宗武王”的表现。可是郑玄笺提出清庙乃“祭有清明之德者之庙也”,文王只是“天德清明”的象征而已。于是也就有人认为《清庙》只是“周王祭祀宗庙祖先所唱的乐歌”(高亨《诗经今注》),并不一定是专指文王。不过,从“四始”的特点来看,说是祭祀文王的乐歌,还是比较有道理的。
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佚名《
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佚名《
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