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《鸿雁》原文及意思全解_佚名作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/www.zenzhu.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext10.php</b> on line <b>26</b><br /> 怎祝网
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鸿雁

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两汉
]:佚名


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鸿雁于飞,肃肃其羽。之子于征,劬劳于野。爰及矜人,哀此鳏寡。

鸿雁于飞,集于中泽。之子于垣,百堵皆作。虽则劬劳,其究安宅?

鸿雁于飞,哀鸣嗷嗷。维此哲人,谓我劬劳。维彼愚人,谓我宣骄。

鸿雁译文及注释

译文

鸿雁翩翩空中飞,扇动双翅嗖嗖响。那人离家出远门,野外奔波苦尽尝。可怜都是穷苦人,鳏寡孤独心悲伤。

鸿雁翩翩空中飞,聚在沼泽的中央。那人筑墙服苦役,先后筑起百堵墙。虽然辛苦又劳累,不知安身在何方。

鸿雁翩翩空中飞,阵阵哀鸣声嗷嗷。惟有那些明白人,知我作歌唱辛劳。惟有那些糊涂虫,说我闲暇发牢骚。

注释

鸿雁:水鸟名,即大雁;或谓大者叫鸿,小者叫雁。

于:语助词。

肃肃:鸟飞时扇动翅膀的声音。

之子:那人,指服劳役的人。征:远行。

劬(qú)劳:勤劳辛苦。

爰(yuán):语助词。矜(jīn)人:穷苦的人。

鳏(guān):老而无妻者。寡:老而无夫者。

集:停。中泽:即泽中。

于垣:筑墙。

堵:长、高各一丈的墙叫一堵。作:筑起。

究:终。宅:居住。

嗷(áo)嗷:鸿雁的哀鸣声。

哲人:通情达理的人。

宣骄:骄奢。

参考资料:

1、王秀梅 译注.诗经(下):雅颂.北京:中华书局,2015:389-391

2、姜亮夫 等.先秦诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1998:366-368

鸿雁创作背景

  《小雅·鸿雁》一诗的背景及主题,历来看法不一。有认为是赞美周宣王的,有认为是流民自叙悲苦的,有认为是写周王派遣使者到各处救济流民的,如方玉润《诗经原始》云:“使者承命安集流民”,“费尽辛苦,民不能知,颇有烦言,感而作此。”此诗当作于周厉王或周宣王时期。

参考资料:

1、王秀梅 译注.诗经(下):雅颂.北京:中华书局,2015:389-391

2、姜亮夫 等.先秦诗鉴赏辞典.上海:上海辞书出版社,1998:366-368

鸿雁鉴赏

  这是一首“饥者歌其食,劳者歌其事”的现实主义诗作,具有国风民歌的特点。全诗三章,每章均以“鸿雁”起兴,并借以自喻。首章写流民被迫到野外去服劳役,连鳏寡之人也不能幸免,反映了受害者的广泛,揭露了统治者的残酷无情。振翅高飞的大雁勾起了流民颠沛流离无处安身的感叹,感叹中包含着对繁重徭役的深深哀怨。次章承接上章,具体描写流民服劳役筑墙的情景。鸿雁聚集泽中,象征着流民在工地上集体劳作,协同筑起很多堵高墙,然而自己却无安身之地。“虽则劬劳,其究安宅”的发问,道出了流民心中的不平和愤慨。末章写流民悲哀作歌,诉说悲惨的命运,反而遭到那些贵族富人的嘲弄和讥笑。大雁一声声的哀叫引起了流民凄苦的共鸣,他们就情不自禁地唱出了这首歌,表达了心中的怨愤。

  这首诗感情深沉,语言质朴,韵调谐畅,虽是一首抒情诗,但又兼有叙事、议论的成份。然而此诗最大的特点是比兴手法的运用,每章开头都以鸿雁起兴,不仅可以引起丰富的联想,而且兼有比义。鸿雁是一种候鸟,秋来南去,春来北迁,这与流民被迫在野外服劳役,四方奔走,居无定处的境况十分相似。鸿雁长途旅行中的鸣叫,声音凄厉,听起来十分悲苦,使人触景生情,平添愁绪。所以以之起兴,是再贴切不过的了。全诗三章根据所述内容的不同,或是兴而比,或是比而兴。一章以鸿雁振羽高飞兴流民远行的劬劳,二章以鸿雁集于泽中,兴流民聚集一处筑墙。这两章都是兴中有比,具有象征意味。第三章以鸿雁哀鸣自比而作此歌,是比中含兴。比兴意蕴的交融渗透,增强了诗歌的形象性和艺术表现力。由于此诗贴切的喻意,以后“哀鸿”“鸿雁”即成了苦难流民的代名词。

  另外,此诗每章所写的具体内容虽各不相同,但却有内在的逻辑联系。首章写出行野外,次章写工地筑墙,末章表述哀怨,内容逐层展开,主题得到了升华。再加上“鸿雁”“劬劳”等词在诗中反覆出现,形成了重章叠唱的特点,有一唱三叹的韵味。


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佚名《
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小雅·黄鸟》


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左思《
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咏史八首·其一》

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