塞上听吹笛
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唐代]：高适
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雪净胡天牧马还，月明羌笛戍楼间。
借问梅花何处落，风吹一夜满关山。
塞上听吹笛译文及注释
译文
冰雪融尽，入侵的胡兵已经悄然返还。月光皎洁，悠扬的笛声回荡在戍楼间。
试问饱含离情的《梅花曲》飘向何处？它仿佛像梅花一样随风落满了关山。
注释
塞上：指凉州（今甘肃武威）一带边塞。此诗题一作《塞上闻笛》，又作《和王七玉门关听吹笛》。
雪净：冰雪消融。
胡天：指西北边塞地区。胡是古代对西北部民族的称呼。
牧马：放马。西北部民族以放牧为生。牧马还：牧马归来。一说指敌人被击退。
羌（qiāng）笛：羌族管乐器。
戍楼：报警的烽火楼。
梅花何处落：此句一语双关，既指想象中的梅花，又指笛曲《梅花落》。《梅花落》属于汉乐府横吹曲，善述离情，这里将曲调《梅花落》拆用，嵌入“何处”两字，从而构思成一种虚景。
关山：这里泛指关隘山岭。
参考资料：
1、谢楚发 ．高适岑参诗选译 ．成都 ：巴蜀书社 ，1991年10月版 ：第10页 ．
2、刘凤泉 牟瑞平 蔡玉和主编 ．中国历代军旅诗三百首鉴赏 ：山东友谊出版社 ，1999年08月第1版 ：231-232 ．
3、张剑著 ．唐宋诗词名篇欣赏 ：中国人民公安大学出版社 ，2009.02 ：49-50 ．
塞上听吹笛创作背景
此诗是高适在西北边塞地区从军时写的，当时他在哥舒翰幕府。高适曾多次到过边关，他两次出塞，去过辽阳，到过河西，对边塞生活有着较深的体验。
参考资料：
1、萧涤非 等 ．唐诗鉴赏辞典 ．上海 ：上海辞书出版社 ，1983年12月版 ：第393-394页 ．
塞上听吹笛鉴赏
汪中《述学·内篇》说诗文里数目字有“实数”和“虚数”之分，近世学者进而谈到诗中颜色字亦有“实色”与“虚色”之分。高适在这首诗中写景就有“虚景”与“实景”之分，他用明快、秀丽的基调，丰富奇妙的想象，实现了诗、画、音乐的完美结合，描绘了一幅优美动人的塞外春光图，使这首边塞诗有着几分田园诗的风味。
此诗写塞上闻笛而生乡关之思，但首先却展现出冰雪铺凝的广袤胡天，然后再在明月与戍楼之间托出羌笛之声，在荒漠塞外与故乡春色的鲜明反差之中透露出缕缕乡思。但这乡思却略无哀怨，而是随着一夜风吹渗满整个关山，以可见的壮伟景观的实态体现出巨大的内在显现力与艺术包容力。
前二句写的是实景：胡天北地，冰雪消融，是牧马的时节了。傍晚战士赶着马群归来，天空洒下明月的清辉。开篇就造成一种边塞诗中不多见的和平宁谧的气氛，这与“雪净”“牧马”等字面大有关系。那大地解冻的春的消息，牧马晚归的开廓的情景使人联想到《过秦论》中一段文字：“蒙恬北筑长城而守藩篱，却匈奴七百余里，胡人不敢南下而牧马”，则“牧马还”三字似还含另一重意味，这就是胡马北还，边烽暂息，于是“雪净”也有了几分象征危解的意味。这个开端为全诗定下了一个开朗壮阔的基调。
在如此苍茫而又清澄的夜境里，不知哪座戍楼吹起了羌笛，那是熟悉的《梅花落》曲调啊。“梅花何处落”是将“梅花落”三字拆用，嵌入“何处”二字，意谓：何处吹奏《梅花落》？“梅花落”本为羌笛声，但仿佛风吹的不是笛声，而是落梅的花瓣，它四处飘散，一夜之中和色和香洒满关山。诗的三四句与“谁家玉笛暗飞声，散入春风满洛城”（李白《春夜洛城闻笛》）意近，是说风传笛曲，一夜之间声满关山，其境界很动人。
三四句之妙不仅如此。将“梅花落”拆用，又构成梅花开满关山的虚景，呼应雪净月明的实景，委婉含蓄地表达了内心思念家乡的强烈感情。仿佛风吹的不是笛声而是落梅的花片，它们四处飘散，一夜之中和色和香洒满关山。这固然是写声成象，但它是由曲名拆用形成的假象，以设问出之，虚之又虚。而这虚景又恰与雪净月明的实景配搭和谐，虚实交错，构成美妙阔远的意境，这境界是任何高明的画手也难以画出的。同时，它仍包含通感，即由听曲而“心想形状”的成分。战士由听曲而想到故乡的梅花（胡地没有梅花），而想到梅花之落。句中也就含有思乡的情调。不过，这种思乡情绪并不低沉，这不但是为首句定下的乐观开朗的基调所决定的，同时也有关乎盛唐气象。诗人时在哥舒翰幕府，同时所作《登陇诗》云：“浅才登一命，孤剑通万里。岂不思故乡，从来感知己”，正是由于怀着盛唐人通常有的那种豪情，笔下的诗方能感而不伤。
这首七言绝句，由雪净月明的实景写到梅花纷飞的虚景，虚实相生，搭配和谐，共同营构出一种美妙阔远的意境。诗中的思乡之情含蓄隽永，委婉深沉，令人咀嚼不尽。
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卢汝弼《
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和李秀才边庭四时怨·其四》
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高适《
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营州歌》
高适简介
唐代·高适的简介
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高适是我国唐代著名的边塞诗人，世称“高常侍”。 作品收录于《高常侍集》。高适与岑参并称“高岑”，其诗作笔力雄健，气势奔放，洋溢着盛唐时期所特有的奋发进取、蓬勃向上的时代精神。
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刘摰
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琳宫仙老鬓虽霜，不厌山头石径长。杖履更为他日约，姓名聊记旧碑旁。