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《北征》鉴赏_杜甫作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/www.zenzhu.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext8.php</b> on line <b>17</b><br /> 怎祝网
首页 > 诗文 > 北征 > 鉴赏

《北征》鉴赏

原文

北归至凤翔,墨制放往鄜州作。

皇帝二载秋,闰八月初吉。杜子将北征,苍茫问家室。

维时遭艰虞,朝野少暇日。顾惭恩私被,诏许归蓬荜。

拜辞诣阙下,怵惕久未出。虽乏谏诤姿,恐君有遗失。

君诚中兴主,经纬固密勿。东胡反未已,臣甫愤所切。

挥涕恋行在,道途犹恍惚。乾坤含疮痍,忧虞何时毕。

靡靡逾阡陌,人烟眇萧瑟。所遇多被伤,呻吟更流血。

回首凤翔县,旌旗晚明灭。前登寒山重,屡得饮马窟。

邠郊入地底,泾水中荡潏。猛虎立我前,苍崖吼时裂。

菊垂今秋花,石戴古车辙。青云动高兴,幽事亦可悦。

山果多琐细,罗生杂橡栗。或红如丹砂,或黑如点漆。

雨露之所濡,甘苦齐结实。缅思桃源内,益叹身世拙。

坡陀望鄜畤,岩谷互出没。我行已水滨,我仆犹木末。

鸱鸟鸣黄桑,野鼠拱乱穴。夜深经战场,寒月照白骨。

潼关百万师,往者散何卒。遂令半秦民,残害为异物。

况我堕胡尘,及归尽华发。经年至茅屋,妻子衣百结。

恸哭松声回,悲泉共幽咽。平生所娇儿,颜色白胜雪。

见耶背面啼,垢腻脚不袜。床前两小女,补绽才过膝。

海图坼波涛,旧绣移曲折。天吴及紫凤,颠倒在裋褐。

老夫情怀恶,呕泄卧数日。那无囊中帛,救汝寒凛栗。

粉黛亦解苞,衾裯稍罗列。瘦妻面复光,痴女头自栉。

学母无不为,晓妆随手抹。移时施朱铅,狼藉画眉阔。

生还对童稚,似欲忘饥渴。问事竞挽须,谁能即嗔喝。

翻思在贼愁,甘受杂乱聒。新归且慰意,生理焉能说。

至尊尚蒙尘,几日休练卒。仰观天色改,坐觉祆气豁。

阴风西北来,惨澹随回鹘。其王愿助顺,其俗善驰突。

送兵五千人,驱马一万匹。此辈少为贵,四方服勇决。

所用皆鹰腾,破敌过箭疾。圣心颇虚伫,时议气欲夺。

伊洛指掌收,西京不足拔。官军请深入,蓄锐何俱发。

此举开青徐,旋瞻略恒碣。昊天积霜露,正气有肃杀。

祸转亡胡岁,势成擒胡月。胡命其能久,皇纲未宜绝。

忆昨狼狈初,事与古先别。奸臣竟菹醢,同恶随荡析。

不闻夏殷衰,中自诛褒妲。周汉获再兴,宣光果明哲。

桓桓陈将军,仗钺奋忠烈。微尔人尽非,于今国犹活。

凄凉大同殿,寂寞白兽闼。都人望翠华,佳气向金阙。

园陵固有神,扫洒数不缺。煌煌太宗业,树立甚宏达。

赏析

  杜甫的这首长篇叙事诗共有一百四十句,它像是用诗歌体裁来写的陈情表,是他这位在职的左拾遗向肃宗皇帝汇报他探亲路上及到家以后的见闻感想。它的结构自然而精当,笔调朴实而深沉,充满忧国忧民的情思,怀抱中兴国家的希望,反映了当时的政治形势和社会现实,表达了人民的情绪和愿望。

  全诗分五大段,按照“北征”,即从朝廷所在的凤翔到杜甫家人所在的鄜州的历程,依次叙述了蒙恩放归探亲、辞别朝廷登程时的忧虑情怀;归途所见景象和引起的感慨;到家后与妻子儿女团聚的悲喜交集情景;在家中关切国家形势和提出如何借用回纥兵力的建议;最后回顾了朝廷在安禄山叛乱后的可喜变化和表达了他对国家前途的信心、对肃宗中兴的期望。这首诗像上表的奏章一样,写明年月日,谨称“臣甫”,恪守臣节,忠悃陈情,先说离职的不安,次叙征途的观感,再述家室的情形,更论国策的得失,而归结到歌功颂德。这一结构合乎礼数,尽其谏职,顺理成章,而见美刺。读者不难看到,诗人采用这样的陈情表的构思,是出于他“奉儒守官”的思想修养和“别裁伪体”的创作要求,更凝聚着他与国家、人民休戚与共的深厚感情。

  “乾坤含疮痍,忧虞何时毕!”痛心山河破碎,深忧民生涂炭,这是全诗反复咏叹的主题思想,也是诗人自我形象的主要特征。诗人深深懂得,当他在苍茫暮色中踏上归途时,国家正处危难,朝野都无闲暇,一个忠诚的谏官是不该离职的,与他的本心也是相违的。因而他忧虞不安,留恋恍惚。正由于满怀忧国忧民,他沿途穿过田野,翻越山冈,夜经战场,看见的是战争创伤和苦难现实,想到的是人生甘苦和身世浮沉,忧虑的是将帅失策和人民遭难。总之,满目疮痍,触处忧虞,遥望前途,征程艰难,他深切希望皇帝和朝廷了解这一切,汲取这教训。因此,回到家里,他虽然获得家室团聚的欢乐,却更体会到一个封建士大夫在战乱年代的辛酸苦涩,不能忘怀被叛军拘留长安的日子,而心里仍关切国家大事,考虑政策得失,急于为君拾遗。可见贯穿全诗的主题思想便是忧虑国家前途、人民生活,而体现出来的诗人形象主要是这样一位忠心耿耿、忧国忧民的封建士大夫。

  “缅思桃源内,益叹身世拙。”诗人遥想桃源中人避乱世外,深叹自己身世遭遇艰难。这是全诗伴随着忧国忧民主题思想而交织起伏的个人感慨,也是诗人自我形象的重要特征。肃宗皇帝放他回家探亲,其实是厌弃他,冷落他。这是诗人心中有数的,但他无奈,有所怨望,而只能感慨。他痛心而苦涩地叙述、议论、描写这次皇恩放回的格外优遇:在国家危难、人民伤亡的时刻,他竟能有闲专程探亲,有兴观赏秋色,有幸全家团聚。这一切都违反他爱国的志节和爱民的情操,使他哭笑不得,尴尬难堪。因而在看到山间丛生的野果时,他不禁感慨天赐雨露相同,而果实苦甜各别;人生于世一样,而安危遭遇迥异;他自己却偏要选择艰难道路,自甘其苦。所以回到家中,诗人看到妻子儿女穷困的生活,饥瘦的身容,体会到老妻和爱子对他的体贴,天真幼女在父前的娇痴,回想到他自己舍家赴难以来的种种遭遇,不由得把一腔辛酸化为生聚的欣慰。这里,诗人的另一种处境和性格,一个艰难度日、爱怜家小的平民当家人的形象,便生动地显现出来。

  “煌煌太宗业,树立甚宏达!”坚信大唐国家的基础坚实,期望唐肃宗能够中兴。这是贯穿全诗的思想信念和衷心愿望,也是诗人的政治立场和出发点。因此他虽然正视国家战乱、人民伤亡的苦难现实,虽然受到厌弃冷落的待遇,虽然一家老小过着饥寒的生活,但是他并不因此而灰心失望,更不逃避现实,而是坚持大义,顾全大局。他受到形势好转的鼓舞,积极考虑决策的得失,并且语重心长地回顾了事变以后的历史发展,强调指出事变使奸佞荡析,热情赞美忠臣除奸的功绩,表达了人民爱国的意愿,歌颂了唐太宗奠定的国家基业,从而表明了对唐肃宗中兴国家的殷切期望。由于阶级和时代的局限,诗人的社会理想不过是恢复唐太宗的业绩,对唐玄宗有所美化,对唐肃宗有所不言,然而应当承认,诗人的爱国主义思想情操是达到时代的高度、站在时代的前列的。

  综上可见,这首长篇叙事诗,实则是政治抒情诗,是一位忠心耿耿、忧国忧民的封建士大夫履职的陈情,是一位艰难度日、爱怜家小的平民当家人忧生的感慨,是一位坚持大义、顾全大局的爱国志士仁人述怀的长歌。从艺术上说,它既要通过叙事来抒情达志,又要明确表达思想倾向,因而主要用赋的方法来写,是自然而恰当的。它也确像一篇陈情表,慷慨陈辞,长歌浩叹,然而谨严写实,指点有据。从开头到结尾,对所见所闻,一一道来,指事议论,即景抒情,充分发挥了赋的长处,具体表达了陈情表的内容。但是为了更形象地表达思想感情,也由于有的思想感情不宜直接道破,诗中又灵活地运用了各种比兴方法,即使叙事具有形象,意味深长,不致枯燥;又使语言精炼,结构紧密,避免行文拖沓。例如诗人登上山冈,描写了战士饮马的泉眼,鄜州郊野山水地形势态,以及那突如其来的“猛虎”、“苍崖”,含有感慨和寄托,读者自可意会。又如诗人用观察天象方式概括当时平叛形势,实际上也是一种比兴。天色好转,妖气消散,豁然开朗,是指叛军失败;而阴风飘来则暗示了诗人对回纥军的态度。诸如此类,倘使都用直陈,势必繁复而无诗味,那便和章表没有区别了。因而诗人采用以赋为主、有比有兴的方法,恰可适应于表现这首诗所包括的宏大的历史内容,也显示出诗人在诗歌艺术上的高度才能和浑熟技巧,足以得心应手、运用自如地用诗歌体裁来写出这样一篇“博大精深、沉郁顿挫”的陈情表。

杜甫简介

唐代·杜甫的简介


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杜甫


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杜甫(712-770),字子美,自号少陵野老,世称“杜工部”、“杜少陵”等,汉族,河南府巩县(今河南省巩义市)人,唐代伟大的现实主义诗人,杜甫被世人尊为“诗圣”,其诗被称为“诗史”。杜甫与李白合称“李杜”,为了跟另外两位诗人李商隐与杜牧即“小李杜”区别开来,杜甫与李白又合称“大李杜”。他忧国忧民,人格高尚,他的约1400余首诗被保留了下来,诗艺精湛,在中国古典诗歌中备受推崇,影响深远。759-766年间曾居成都,后世有杜甫草堂纪念。

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