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《后出师表》鉴赏_诸葛亮作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/www.zenzhu.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext8.php</b> on line <b>17</b><br /> 怎祝网
首页 > 诗文 > 后出师表 > 鉴赏

《后出师表》鉴赏

原文

  先帝深虑汉、贼不两立,王业不偏安,故托臣以讨贼也。以先帝之明,量臣之才,固知臣伐贼,才弱敌强也。然不伐贼,王业亦亡。惟坐而待亡,孰与伐之?是故托臣而弗疑也。

  臣受命之日,寝不安席,食不甘味。思惟北征。宜先入南。故五月渡泸,深入不毛,并日而食;臣非不自惜也,顾王业不可得偏安于蜀都,故冒危难,以奉先帝之遗意也,而议者谓为非计。今贼适疲于西,又务于东,兵法乘劳,此进趋之时也。谨陈其事如左:

  高帝明并日月,谋臣渊深,然涉险被创,危然后安。今陛下未及高帝,谋臣不如良、平,而欲以长策取胜,坐定天下,此臣之未解一也。

  刘繇、王朗各据州郡,论安言计,动引圣人,群疑满腹,众难塞胸,今岁不战,明年不征,使孙策坐大,遂并江东,此臣之未解二也。

  曹操智计,殊绝于人,其用兵也,仿佛孙、吴,然困于南阳,险于乌巢,危于祁连,逼于黎阳,几败北山,殆死潼关,然后伪定一时耳。况臣才弱,而欲以不危而定之,此臣之未解三也。

  曹操五攻昌霸不下,四越巢湖不成,任用李服而李服图之,委任夏侯而夏侯败亡,先帝每称操为能,犹有此失,况臣驽下,何能必胜?此臣之未解四也。

  自臣到汉中,中间期年耳,然丧赵云、阳群、马玉、阎芝、丁立、白寿、刘郃、邓铜等及曲长、屯将七十余人,突将、无前、賨叟、青羌、散骑、武骑一千余人。此皆数十年之内所纠合四方之精锐,非一州之所有;若复数年,则损三分之二也,当何以图敌?此臣之未解五也。

  今民穷兵疲,而事不可息;事不可息,则住与行劳费正等。而不及今图之,欲以一州之地,与贼持久,此臣之未解六也。

  夫难平者,事也。昔先帝败军于楚,当此时,曹操拊手,谓天下已定。然后先帝东连吴越,西取巴蜀,举兵北征,夏侯授首,此操之失计,而汉事将成也。然后吴更违盟,关羽毁败,秭归蹉跌,曹丕称帝。凡事如是,难可逆见。臣鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已。至于成败利钝,非臣之明所能逆睹也。

赏析

伪作论据

  (一)良史陈寿修《三国志》,编《诸葛亮集》,在材料的取舍上是经过审慎斟酌的,但其均未收录此表

  (二)此表气绥调低,与《前出师表》辞气迥异,非出自一人之手,盖诸葛亮侄儿东吴大将军诸葛恪伪作,目的在于以”此表为他的伐魏主张制造有力的旁证“,因为诸葛恪在《论征魏》一文中曾说:”每览荆邯说公孙述以进取之图,近见家叔父表陈与贼争竞之计,未尝不喟然叹息也"。而“陈与贼争竞之计”的只能是《后出师表》。(或说是张俨伪作)。

  (三)表中所列史实有误。《赵云传》载云卒于建兴七年,而六年十一月的《后表》却说云已死。

肯定观点

  (一)陈寿《亮集》未载此表,不足为伪作之证。

  陈氏修史编集对史料取舍,确实是经过审慎斟酌的,但却不是完备详尽的。将《亮传》与《武帝纪》相较,前者显然简略的多,诸如伐吴、南征、八阵、渭南之战等理应明确详述的内容,他都一笔带过,或未作记载。

  又陈寿编《亮集》,主要依据司马氏从成都接收运回洛阳的蜀汉政府档案,这个档案经公元264年钟会成都兵变后已不完整。又考裴注所引诸葛亮“言教书奏”,有一部分明确谓“《亮集》载“;而有一部分非出自《亮集》,如《绝盟好议》出自《汉晋春秋》,《与陆逊书》出自《江表传》等;还有一部分未注明出处,如《公文上尚书》《与李丰教》等。这些都说明陈寿所编《亮集》并不完备。《后表》或因重在分析形势,关乎军情机密,不宜公开宣示,故流传不广;或因成都之乱散失,陈寿未见到。

  裴松之就是针对《三国志》这种“失在于略,时有脱漏”的情况注补之,且对本文及注引材料每每刻意惩妄论辩,但对《汉晋春秋》所载《后表》只存录而并无疑义,看来裴氏相信这是诸葛亮所作。

  (二)所谓前、后表词气迥异、风格不同字观点也是不能令人信服的。

  《后表》所谓“才弱敌强”,既是诸葛亮转述当初刘备的看法,也是他把蜀汉的总体人才质量、军事力量跟曹操及其庞大的人才群和军事力量作对比后实事求是的结论,它与《前表》中的“今天下三分,益州疲弊,此诚危急存亡之秋也”语义类似。

  《后表》所谓“夫难平者,事也”,“至于成败利钝,非臣之明所能逆睹也”等语,是在首次北伐失利后,针对议者非料度“必胜”绝不出兵的观点而讲,是就即将二次北伐的战役而言,并不是对兴复汉室、统一全国的长远目标丧失信心,诸葛亮所列举的曹、刘集团成败浮沉的曲折历史完全证明诸葛亮“凡事如是,难可逆见”乃清醒客观之言。所以《后标》并无“志衰气丧”的情调。

  再看二表的用辞风格也基本一致:《前表》所谓“今南方已定,兵甲已足,当奖率三军,北定中原”,说的是当前的任务,与《后表》“今贼适疲於西,又务於东,兵法乘劳,此进趋之时也”辞义仿佛,所谓“庶竭驽钝,攘除奸凶”,说的是自己的职责和决心,与《后表》“鞠躬尽力,死而后已”之心志一脉相承;所谓“兴复汉室,还于旧都”,指长远的目标,非认为一举大胜,它与《后表》并不矛盾。

  《后表》与《前表》及诸葛亮其他文章,都有如下共同的特点:讲究对仗排比、有汉赋骈偶特色;音节铿锵,纵横捭阖,回转层叠,说理透彻;感情真挚,语言酣畅平易。所不同的只是,《前表》偏重叙事抒情,《后表》专注于论述批驳,互为补充映照,合之为一完璧,故当出自一人之手。

  (三)诸葛恪不可能伪作。

  建兴六年冬诸葛亮二次伐魏前曾向其兄吴公安督诸葛瑾致书通报军情,言“与贼争竞之计”的《后表》应是此时传送到诸葛瑾手中,而后其子诸葛恪看到,再有吴大鸿胪张俨撰《默记》时收录。

  假使诸葛恪伪作,他当会大赞叔父,贬抑曹魏,决不会造“难可逆见”一类有余之辞;假使他做伪作的目的是为自己伐魏的乐观主张做“旁证”,则会转引其辞以说服他人,然诸葛恪“见家叔父表”,只是“喟然叹息”而已;诸葛恪“见家叔父表”,在公元253年,时蜀汉尚在,两国使者频往,知情者均在;又诸葛恪作为吴臣,安肯曰“孙策做大,遂并江东乎?”所以,诸葛恪伪作叔父表章是不可能的。而如系张俨伪作,起码首先骗不了诸葛恪这位知情者。

  至于张俨将《后表》收入《默记》,一则因为俨是主战派(由裴注引《默记·述佐篇》)可见,二则因为《后表》与《默记·述佐篇》体例相符。张俨曰:“余观彼治国之体,当时既肃整,遗教在后,及其辞意恳切,陈进取之图,忠谋謇謇,义形於主。”显然,其“陈进取之图”的,主要当指《后表》,他之所以主战并对诸葛亮屡以弱攻强的进取方针予以肯定,受《后表》的感染当是一个重要原因。

  (四)关于赵云死亡时间,可能是《三国志》有误。今但知建兴六年夏初赵云箕谷失利退回褒谷道,其秋子赤崖屯田,其后活动一概不见史载,即使建兴七年春取武都、阴平二郡之重大战事亦不见有赵云出现。由此窥测,赵云有可能卒于建兴六年冬诸葛亮上《后表》前,灵柩运回大邑县(蜀汉蜀郡江原县境)安葬时至七年春,陈寿或有可能因此误记卒年。

诸葛亮简介

唐代·诸葛亮的简介


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诸葛亮


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诸葛亮(181-234),字孔明、号卧龙(也作伏龙),汉族,徐州琅琊阳都(今山东临沂市沂南县)人,三国时期蜀汉丞相、杰出的政治家、军事家、散文家、书法家。在世时被封为武乡侯,死后追谥忠武侯,东晋政权特追封他为武兴王。诸葛亮为匡扶蜀汉政权,呕心沥血,鞠躬尽瘁,死而后已。其散文代表作有《出师表》、《诫子书》等。曾发明木牛流马、孔明灯等,并改造连弩,叫做诸葛连弩,可一弩十矢俱发。于234年在五丈原(今宝鸡岐山境内)逝世。诸葛亮在后世受到极大尊崇,成为后世忠臣楷模,智慧化身。成都、宝鸡、汉中、南阳等地有武侯祠,杜甫作《蜀相》赞诸葛亮

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