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《驳复仇议》鉴赏_柳宗元作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/www.zenzhu.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext8.php</b> on line <b>17</b><br /> 怎祝网
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《驳复仇议》鉴赏

原文

  臣伏见天后时,有同州下邽人徐元庆者,父爽为县吏赵师韫所杀,卒能手刃父仇,束身归罪。当时谏臣陈子昂建议诛之而旌其闾;且请“编之于令,永为国典”。臣窃独过之。

  臣闻礼之大本,以防乱也。若曰无为贼虐,凡为子者杀无赦。刑之大本,亦以防乱也。若曰无为贼虐,凡为理者杀无赦。其本则合,其用则异,旌与诛莫得而并焉。诛其可旌,兹谓滥;黩刑甚矣。旌其可诛,兹谓僭;坏礼甚矣。果以是示于天下,传于后代,趋义者不知所向,违害者不知所立,以是为典可乎?盖圣人之制,穷理以定赏罚,本情以正褒贬,统于一而已矣。

  向使刺谳其诚伪,考正其曲直,原始而求其端,则刑礼之用,判然离矣。何者?若元庆之父,不陷于公罪,师韫之诛,独以其私怨,奋其吏气,虐于非辜,州牧不知罪,刑官不知问,上下蒙冒,吁号不闻;而元庆能以戴天为大耻,枕戈为得礼,处心积虑,以冲仇人之胸,介然自克,即死无憾,是守礼而行义也。执事者宜有惭色,将谢之不暇,而又何诛焉?

  其或元庆之父,不免于罪,师韫之诛,不愆于法,是非死于吏也,是死于法也。法其可仇乎?仇天子之法,而戕奉法之吏,是悖骜而凌上也。执而诛之,所以正邦典,而又何旌焉?

  且其议曰:“人必有子,子必有亲,亲亲相仇,其乱谁救?”是惑于礼也甚矣。礼之所谓仇者,盖其冤抑沉痛而号无告也;非谓抵罪触法,陷于大戮。而曰“彼杀之,我乃杀之”。不议曲直,暴寡胁弱而已。其非经背圣,不亦甚哉!

  《周礼》:“调人,掌司万人之仇。凡杀人而义者,令勿仇;仇之则死。有反杀者,邦国交仇之。”又安得亲亲相仇也?《春秋公羊传》曰:“父不受诛,子复仇可也。父受诛,子复仇,此推刃之道,复仇不除害。”今若取此以断两下相杀,则合于礼矣。且夫不忘仇,孝也;不爱死,义也。元庆能不越于礼,服孝死义,是必达理而闻道者也。夫达理闻道之人,岂其以王法为敌仇者哉?议者反以为戮,黩刑坏礼,其不可以为典,明矣。

  请下臣议附于令。有断斯狱者,不宜以前议从事。谨议。

赏析

  《驳复仇议》作者柳宗元(773—819),该文是柳宗元在礼部员外郎任上写的一篇驳论性的奏议,是针对陈子昂的《复仇议状》而发的,作者认为,陈子昂的《复仇议》中的观点是矛盾的,是不足取的,进而提出了个人的见解。徐元庆为父报仇,杀了父亲的仇人,然后到官府自首。对于这样一个案例,陈子昂提出了杀人犯法、应处死罪,而报父仇却合于礼义、应予表彰的处理意见。柳宗元在文章中批驳了这种观点,认为这不但赏罚不明,而且自相矛盾,指出徐元庆报杀父之仇的行为既合于礼义,又合于法律,应予充分肯定。虽然文章的主旨是要说明封建主义的礼义和封建主义的法律的一致性,但在吏治腐败、冤狱难申的封建社会,仍然具有一定的进步意义。全文观点鲜明,逻辑严密,驳论有力。

  武则天当政时,同州下圭人徐元庆之父徐爽,被下圭县尉赵师韫杀害。后赵师韫入朝为御史,徐元庆则更姓易名,在驿站之中充当仆役。过了很久,赵师韫恰好住在这个驿舍中,徐元庆便趁机亲手杀死了他,然后,投案自首。对于这个案件,当时朝中有不少人认为徐元庆为父报仇,是孝义刚烈的行为,应赦免他的罪;而陈子昂则认为,按照法律,擅自杀人的要处死。因此,他建议,应当对徐元庆依法论死,然后再对他替父报仇的行为予以表彰,并将此事编入律令。当时,大家都赞同陈子昂的主张。

  柳宗元的这篇文章,是驳斥陈子昂的主张的。他引经据典,说明这种主张自相矛盾,背礼违法,造成混乱。文章虽然从维护封建的“礼”与“法”的尊严出发,调和为亲报仇与守法之间的矛盾。然而,作者在行文中,却侧重于说明官吏违法杀人应当受到惩处这个观点,对人民群众反抗暴虐官吏的行为客观上予以支持,同时也在一定程度上暴露和批判了吏治黑暗和官官相护的社会现实。

  文章分析透辟,语言精炼而准确。反映了作者散文的“峻洁廉悍”的风格。

  本文属于议论文中的驳论。作者针对陈子昂在《复仇议》中对徐元庆案件的主张提出了反驳。文章一开始,作者就旗帜鲜明地指出陈子昂的主张是错误的。接着,文章从“礼”和“刑”的辩证关系,得出了“盖圣人之制,穷理以定赏罚,本情以正褒贬”的结论。由这个结论很自然地过渡到对陈子昂提出的“诛之而旌其闾”错误论点的批驳上。“诛”和“旌”是矛盾的,怎么能同时施加在同一个人身上呢?更为有力的是,作者援引了儒家的经典著作来为自己的观点作佐证,这就使得本文的论点无懈可击。

  本文论点明确,论据翔实,论证手段缜密严谨,语言犀利明快,选词恰如其分。在柳文中堪称上乘之作,值得我们仿效。

柳宗元简介

唐代·柳宗元的简介


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柳宗元


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柳宗元(773年-819年),字子厚,唐代河东(今山西运城)人,杰出诗人、哲学家、儒学家乃至成就卓著的政治家,唐宋八大家之一。著名作品有《永州八记》等六百多篇文章,经后人辑为三十卷,名为《柳河东集》。因为他是河东人,人称柳河东,又因终于柳州刺史任上,又称柳柳州。柳宗元与韩愈同为中唐古文运动的领导人物,并称“韩柳”。在中国文化史上,其诗、文成就均极为杰出,可谓一时难分轩轾。

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