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《六国论》鉴赏_苏洵作品-<br /> <b>Warning</b>: Use of undefined constant sitename - assumed 'sitename' (this will throw an Error in a future version of PHP) in <b>/www/wwwroot/www.zenzhu.com/e/data/tmp/dt_temptext8.php</b> on line <b>17</b><br /> 怎祝网
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《六国论》鉴赏

原文

  六国破灭,非兵不利,战不善,弊在赂秦。赂秦而力亏,破灭之道也。或曰:六国互丧,率赂秦耶?曰:不赂者以赂者丧,盖失强援,不能独完。故曰:弊在赂秦也。

  秦以攻取之外,小则获邑,大则得城。较秦之所得,与战胜而得者,其实百倍;诸侯之所亡,与战败而亡者,其实亦百倍。则秦之所大欲,诸侯之所大患,固不在战矣。思厥先祖父,暴霜露,斩荆棘,以有尺寸之地。子孙视之不甚惜,举以予人,如弃草芥。今日割五城,明日割十城,然后得一夕安寝。起视四境,而秦兵又至矣。然则诸侯之地有限,暴秦之欲无厌,奉之弥繁,侵之愈急。故不战而强弱胜负已判矣。至于颠覆,理固宜然。古人云:“以地事秦,犹抱薪救火,薪不尽,火不灭。”此言得之。

  齐人未尝赂秦,终继五国迁灭,何哉?与嬴而不助五国也。五国既丧,齐亦不免矣。燕赵之君,始有远略,能守其土,义不赂秦。是故燕虽小国而后亡,斯用兵之效也。至丹以荆卿为计,始速祸焉。赵尝五战于秦,二败而三胜。后秦击赵者再,李牧连却之。洎牧以谗诛,邯郸为郡,惜其用武而不终也。且燕赵处秦革灭殆尽之际,可谓智力孤危,战败而亡,诚不得已。向使三国各爱其地,齐人勿附于秦,刺客不行,良将犹在,则胜负之数,存亡之理,当与秦相较,或未易量。

  呜呼!以赂秦之地,封天下之谋臣,以事秦之心,礼天下之奇才,并力西向,则吾恐秦人食之不得下咽也。悲夫!有如此之势,而为秦人积威之所劫,日削月割,以趋于亡。为国者无使为积威之所劫哉!

  夫六国与秦皆诸侯,其势弱于秦,而犹有可以不赂而胜之之势。苟以天下之大,而从六国破亡之故事,是又在六国下矣。

赏析

  六国被秦国灭亡的教训,是许多文史家关注的话题。仅“三苏”就每人写了一篇《六国论》。苏轼的《六国论》,针对六国久存而秦速亡的对比分析,突出强调了“士”的作用。苏轼认为,六国诸侯卿相皆争养士,是久存的原因。只要把那些“士”养起来,老百姓想造反也找不到带头人了,国家就可以安定了。苏辙的《六国论》则是针对六国不免于灭亡的史实,指出他们相继灭亡的原因是不能团结一致,共同抗战,灭国是咎由自取。

  苏洵的《六国论》不同于以上两篇。苏洵不是就事论事,而是借题发挥。苏洵的写作目的不在于总结六国灭亡的教训,而在于警告宋朝统治者勿蹈六国灭亡的覆辙。借古喻今,以谈论历史供当今统治者借鉴,这是苏洵高出其二子的地方。从历史情况看,六国灭亡的原因并不是“赂秦”。六国的失败,主要是政治上保守,因循守旧,不重视改革,不能坚持“合纵”政策去对付秦国的“连横”政策,被秦国远交近攻的手段各个击破。另一方面,秦孝公任用商鞅变法,使秦国国力大增,具备了统一中国的实力。加上战国长期的战乱,民不聊生,由分裂到统一,符合人们的愿望。秦国统一中国,是历史发展的必然趋势。苏洵对此并非不知,他在文中也承认这一点:“以赂秦之地,封天下之谋臣;以事秦之心,礼天下之奇才,并力西向,则吾恐秦人食之不得下咽也。”然而作者用意不在此,他的意图是点明赂秦是六国灭亡的原因,以此警告宋朝统治者,不要用贿赂的方法对待契丹和西夏,要用武力,要抵抗。明代何仲默说过:“老泉论六国赂秦,其实借论宋赂契丹之事,而卒以此亡,可谓深谋先见之识矣。”

  宋朝建国后,宋太祖片面地接受唐朝藩镇割据,尾大不掉,以至灭亡的教训,采取了“虚外实内”的政策,削弱边关的实力,调集重兵驻守京城。结果造成了边关的空虚。辽国乘虚而入,屡犯边疆。宋太宗继位后,曾两次派兵击辽,均遭失败。后宋太宗两次进攻幽州,企图夺回幽云十六州,又遭败绩。真宗景德元年(1004年),辽大兵压境,直逼澶州城下(今河南濮阳),威胁汴京开封。于是,宋与辽签定了“澶渊之盟”,答应向辽输岁币银十万两,绢二十万匹。到了仁宗庆历二年(1042年),辽再次要挟,宋只得增加币银十万两,绢十万匹。第二年(1043年),西夏也来要,又是赐岁币银十万两,绢十万匹,茶三万斤。人民的血汗就在这种纳赐之中,付之东流。苏洵对此痛心疾首,他借古喻今,纵横恣肆,痛陈利弊,对当权者进行规劝,希望其改弦易辙,增强国力,与敌斗争。苏洵的议论虽不无可商榷处,但总的立论是正确的,并且不幸为苏洵所言中:就在苏洵死后六十年,终于发生了“靖康之变”(1126年),北宋重蹈了六国的覆辙,为后起的金所灭,徽、钦二帝被俘,客死异国他乡。

  《六国论》除去在立论上具有借题发挥、借古喻今的写作特点外,在论证的严密性、语言的生动性上也堪称典范。第一段的逻辑性是非常严密的。作者开篇亮出观点:“六国破灭,非兵不利,战不善,弊在赂秦。”开宗明义,直截了当,使读者一眼就抓住了论者的中心。然后,作者解释论点:“赂秦而力亏,破灭之道也。”这就指出了贿赂的危害,言简意赅,要言不烦。再后,作者设问:“六国互丧,率赂秦耶?”答曰:“不赂者以赂者丧。盖失强援,不能独完。”这就使得文章逻辑严密,无懈可击。最后一句总结全段:“故曰弊在赂秦也。”这一段起到了“纲”的作用,后面的二、三两段实际上是围绕第一段展开的。

  本文的语言生动有力。议论性的句子简捷有力,叙述性的句子生动感人。比如:“思厥先祖父,暴霜露,斩荆棘,以有尺寸之地。子孙视之不甚惜,举以予人,如弃草芥。今日割五城,明日割十城,然后得一夕安寝。起视四境,而秦兵又至矣。”这些叙述语言本身带有主观感情,还有描述的特点。作者还运用引用、对比、比喻等手法,使语言灵活多样,增强了表达效果。本文的句式也整饬有度,特别是四字句占了一定比例,读起来铿锵有力,掷地有声,富有节奏感。文章史实论据典型、充分,分析、对比、比喻等论证具有很强的逻辑性和说服力,句式多变,感情激切,富有感染力。本文虽是史论,但作者本意不在于论证六国灭亡的原因,而在于引出历史教训,讽谏北宋王朝放弃妥协苟安的政策,警惕重蹈六国灭亡的覆辙。

  欧阳修评价苏洵的文章说:“吾阅文士多矣,独喜尹师鲁、石守道,然意犹有所未足,今见子(苏洵)之文,吾意足矣。”的确如此,苏洵此文,奔腾上下,纵横出入,气势犹如江河决口。他见识深远,眼光犀利,议论精辟透彻,足警世人。无怪乎本文近千年来盛传不衰!

苏洵简介

唐代·苏洵的简介


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苏洵


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苏洵(1009年-1066年),字明允,汉族,眉州眉山(今属四川眉山人)。北宋文学家,与其子苏轼、苏辙合称“三苏”,均被列入“唐宋八大家”。苏洵长于散文,尤擅政论,议论明畅,笔势雄健,有《嘉祐集》传世。

...〔 〕